1.
Effects Of Substitution Of Soyabean Oil Meal With Dried Brewer'S Yeast On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Zafar Iqbal Chauhan | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Dried brewer's yeast (DBY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a byproduct of the brewing industry and is a valuable food for animals. DBY contains 45% CP and 35% soluble carbohydrate. The amino acid profile of DBY is comparable to other vegetable protein supplement (VPS) like SBM. The present study was designed to study the effect of substitution of SBM with DBY on the performance of Japanese quails..
For the purpose quails were fed with five rations in which SBM was replaced with DBY at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for 42 days. Weekly weight gain and daily feed consumption was recorded. Maximum weight gain (144.61g), feed efficiency (4.01) carcass weight (104.72g) and dressing percentage (69.53%) was observed in quails fed ration in which 100% SBM was replaced with DBY. Minimum weight gain (137.67 g) poor feed efficiency (4.21) lower carcass weight (78.28g) and poor dressing percentage (54.48%) was recorded in quails fed ration in which 100% DBY was replaced with SBM. No adverse effect on internal organs liver, heart and carcass was seen.
From the foregoing study it was concluded that DBY could be successfully incorporated in quails rations upto 10% without any undesirable effect on the performance of quails. It has been demonstrated from the results that DBY improves body weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage which ultimately decreases the cost of quality meat production. The study also indicated that rations containing DBY were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased and net profit per quail was greater.
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2.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize, Wheat And Brokern Rice As A Source Of Energy In Broiler Diets
by Shabbir Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmad Qureshi | Prof. Dr. Rashid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Maize, broken rice and wheat are the major energy source being used in poultry diets. The energy contents in these grains are acertained according to the NRC (USA) or ARC (UK) recommendations. It was noticed by the nutritionists of poultry feed industry of the country that these assumptions does not coincide with our indigenous grains. The present study was designed to evaluate the energy contents of these main cereals through a biological trials.
For the study 240 day old chicks were perchased and randomely divided into six groups of 40 birds each and further subdivided into 4 replicate of 10 birds each. Six starter rations containing a conventional ration A (Maize+Rice+Wheat), Ration B (yellow maize), Ration C (broken rice), Ration D (wheat), Ration E (yellow maize+broken rice) and Ration F (wheat+broken rice) were formulated and fed from 0-28 days. All the diets were isonitrogenous (CP 220%) and isocaloric (ME 3000 kcal/kg). Similarly 6 finisher diets containing, a conventional finisher dietA1 (maize+rice+wheat) Ration B1 (maize), Ration C1 (broken rice), D1 (wheat), Ration E1 (rnaize+broken rice) and Ration F1 (wheat+broken rice) were formulated. Finisher diet was fed from 29- 40th days of age. Finisher diets were also isonitrogenous (CR 19.00) and isocaloric (ME 3100 kcallkg).
In the experiment it was assumed that ME value of wheat and broker rice is equal to that of yellow maize, i.e. 3400 kcal/kg.
At the end of experiment (40 days) for rations AA1 (conventional), RB1 (maize), CC, (rice), DD, (wheat), EE1 (maize+rice) and FF, (wheat+rice) average liveweight gain were 1651, 1708, 1900, 1723, 1844 and 1757 gms and feed efficiency ratio was 1.828, 1.845, 1723, 2.028, 1.67 and 1.862, respectively. The results indicated signilicant difference (P<0.01) among the groups in feed consumption weight gain (P<0.05) and feed efficiency (P<0.01). Rice containing ration (CC) was 6.6% more efficient than maize (BB1) whereas, wheat containing (DD1) was 9.9% less efficient that of maize (BB1) based ration. These variation may be due to difference in availability of metabolizable energy (ME) contents of these cereals. The results revealed that if the ME value of maize is 3400 kcal/kg in comparison of it ME value of rice and wheat may be 3624 kcal/kg and 3064 kcal/kg, respectively.
Economic analysis revealed that ration CC, (Rice) was the most efficient than other rations. The production of one kg liveweight for ration CC1(rice) is Rs.2.02 less, as compared to ration BB1 (maize based) and Rs.2.73 less as compared to ration DD1 (wheat) However the dressing percentage of the chicks was not different (P>0.50) among different groups.
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3.
Comparative Efficiency Of Urea Molasses Mineral Blocks And Urea Treated Wheat Straw In Fattening
by Farrokh Saeed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Wheat straw is being fed to ruminants with supplemental green fodder. It is also fed as a sole roughage during the lean periodof the year. It is however deficient in fermentable nitrogen and has poor digestibility due to more lignification. Urea impregnation of straws has been shown to improve the intake as well as digestibility. It has been concluded that urea treatment with 4% urea solution at 40 to 50 percent moisture level could be advantageous to improve crude protein content of straw and its digestibility. Molasses, a by-product of sugar industry, is an excellent and a cheap source of digestible energy as compared to all other similar energy feeds. Urea provides nitrogen needed for adequate development of animal flora and thus enhances the utilization of fibrous feed.Preparation of urea molasses blocks appears to be an appropriate technology to fulfill the requirements of animals. A fattening trial was conducted on two groups of buffalo calves with 8 calves per group, to study the comparative efficiency of urea molasses mineral block and urea treated wheat straw. The experiment was conducted for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum, concentration of total protein in serum and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also determined. The results of the study revealed non significant differences in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, concentration of urea in serum and concentration of total protein in serum of buffalo calves. Digestibility trial revealed that there was non significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, ether extract but significant difference in digestibility of crude fibre and crude protein. The findings of this study revealed the benefits of utilizing urea ammonia treated wheat straw in the fattening ration upto 38% level. It was also ascertained that urea molasses blocks are equally effective in enhancing the growth rate of buffalo calves. Moreover, urea molasses blocks are a useful tool of supplementation of forage diet because of ease of transportation and balance nutrient profile.
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4.
Detoxification Effects Of Aflatoxin Contamination In The Poultry Feed By Using Different Chemical Techniques
by Awan, Naeem Nazir | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Aflatoxins, the toxic fungi metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus are potent natural contaminants of feed stuffs. Aflatoxin effects all species of animals and poultry resulting, depressed growth, production and immunity against diseases.
The importance of aflatoxin in the poultry industry lies in economics loss due to the effect of reduced adsorption, utilization and metabolism of fat and protein, by decreasing bone strength, lameness, lethargy and weakness of wings ataxia, refulled or curled feather, reduced amino acid and vitamin (riboflavin) absorption, impaired immunity resulting in increased susceptibility towards infectious diseases, poor feed conversion ratio, less weight gain and feed consumption and moderate to high mortality. In addition to these effects there may be reduced ability to produce antibodies in response to vaccination. Such immune related problems are extremely difficult to diagnose. An investigation was undertaken to study the comparative value of various adsorbents to minimize the effect of aflatoxin on the performance of broiler chicks.
Six experimental rations viz, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for the said purpose. Ration A served as negative control, Ration B, served as positive control having 100 ppb level of AFB 1. Ration C, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Sodium Bentonite @ 2% of the ration. Ration D, AFB 1 100 ppb and Myco-fix plus 1.0 kg/ton of feed. Ration E, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Myco-fix plus 2.50 kg/ton of feed. Ration F, AFB 1 @ 100 ppb and Myco-ad @ 2.0 kg/ton of feed (Commercial Adsorbents).
Two hundred and forty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups having forty birds in each and which were further sub-divided into four replicates comprising of ten birds in each.
The body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. The drooping feather percentage, leg deformities percentage, mortality percentage, postmortem lesions, bursal body weight ratio and dressing percentage were recorded at the end of experiment. However, the antibody titre for Newcastle disease vaccine was analyzed at 2lth, 28th, 35th, and 42nd day of the experiment. The experiment lasts for six weeks.
The results indicated highly significant differences (P < 0.05) of weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio among all the groups, there was also significant differences (P<0.05) was observed among the values of dropping feather and dressing percentage, however there was no difference in leg deformities of different control and experimental groups. There was highest percentages of mortality and postmortem lesion in the experimental group F (Myco-ad) and positive control group B, (AFB 1, @100 ppb), than the groups, A, C, D and E. There was significant difference in the geometric mean titres among the groups while there was no difference in bursal body weight ration among the groups (P <0.05).
From the data of present study it can be concluded that group A (Negative control) showed the best performance among the experimental groups in all above mentioned parameters: In experimental group C (Sodium bentonite) gave a better affect on the performance of birds, rather than other groups placed on the commercial adsorbents (Myco-fix plus and Myco-ad).
The commercial adsorbent Myco-ad @ 2.0 kg/ton of feed had highly drastic effect on the health status and growing abilities of the birds. However, the use of Myco-fix plus (Commercial adsorbent) had some beneficial effect on experimental birds.
It is recommended that more research work should be conducted to investigate more suitable measures to minimize the effect of aflatoxin Bi, before final conclusion are drawn.
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5.
Effect Of Different Antioxidants In Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Aziz, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The oxidation of rice polishing and complete feed, can significantly decrease nutritional value. The end result is a loss in nutrient quality, impairmeI of health of birds, reduction in performance and increased production cost.
The detrimental effects of oxidation can be minimized by adding antioxidants to rice polishing. Quality antioxidants interrupt the reaction and control subsequent losses in nutrient value. Antioxidant protect the quality of rice polishing and feed as formulated by the nutritionist to achieve maximum growth and feed efficiency.
An investigation was undertaken to study the comparative value of various antioxidants to minimize (Peroxide value, free fatty acid number) the effect of oxidation in rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Six experimental rations viz, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for the said purpose. Ration A served as negative control (Fresh rice polishing without antioxidant), Ration B served as positive control (Rancid rice polishing without antioxidant). Ration C (Feedox) 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration D Santoquin 500 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration E Oxistat 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration F Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) @ 500 gm/ton of rice polishing.
One hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups having thirty birds in each group and which were further subdivided into three replicates comprising of ten birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Pancreas weight, dressing percentage, mortality percentage and comparative study of antioxidants were determined at the end of experiment. However, the peroxide value of rice polishing at fresh, rancid and on weekly basis was analyzed. The experiment lasts for six weeks.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 645.0, 538.33, 655.33,709.17,663.33 and 643.0 gms respectively. Significantly more weight gain (709.17gm) was observed in the birds fed on ration D containing santoquin. Overall total weight gain of birds fed on experimental rations A to F were 1628.8, 1343.7, 1484.2, 1608.8, 1508.1 and 1471.1 gms respectively. However, the results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain of birds.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3063.77, 3082.0, 3277.2, 3247.13, 3360.0 and 3223.33 gms respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration E containing Oxistat antixodant consumed more feed as compared to other rations.
The data on feed efficiency showed that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 2.558, 2.756, 2.473, 2.334, 2.590 and 2.540 respectively. Significantly (P< 0.05) better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration D containing Santoquin as compared to chicks fed on ration E containing Oxistat and B containing rancid rice polishing, but there was no difference in the birds fed on ration E, A, F and C. However, the feed efficiency of birds from 0-6 weeks of age fed on experimental rations A to F were 1.969, 2.209, 2.122, 1.943, 2.133 and 2.191 respectively which revealed non-significant difference among the rations.
Present results revealed that weight of pancreas of birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.692, 3.735, 3.064, 2.89, 3.232 and 2.839 gms respectively. Significantly more weight of pancreas was observed in the birds fed o ration B containing rancid rice polishing. However, non-significant difference were noticed in the birds fed on other experimental rations.
The peroxide value in rice polishing at first and the end of 6th week of experiment of rations A, B, C, D, E and F 0.8, 61.2, 2.1, 1.4, 2.4 and 2.5, at 6th week 10.3, 80.7, 6.3, 3.3, 5.9 and 7.6 respectively.
It was concluded that Santoquin was the best antioxidant in controlling the oxidation process in rice polishing as compared to other antioxidants, i.e., Oxistat, Feedox and BHT used in the present experiment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. For further study various antioxidants with various levels and various sources of fat containing ingredients (rice polishing) at various levels of inclusion should be tested.
2. This type of study should be performed with fresh ingredients.
3. Different methods i.e. control of air, moisture, temp. Of storage period, light etc. should adopted to minimize the development of rancidity.
4. Storage duration of rice polishing should be at least six weeks.
5. Storage of feed should be at controlled environment.
6. Processing of rice polishing should be in such a way that lipase enzyme not become active.
7. Santoquin (Ethoxyquin) antoxidant proved to be best in controlling oxidation process in rice polishing i.e. peroxides formation than Feedox, Oxistat and BHT antioxidants.
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6.
Influence Of Various Treatments Of Rice Polishings On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Abdul Majid | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Javaid Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feed which are also used for the human feeding, makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Ingredients which are cheap, not utilized for human feeding and are readily available, merits consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of such ingredient.
Rice polishings is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is a finely powdered material obtained in polishing the rice kernels after removal of hulls and bran. It furnishes almost equivalent energy as other cereal grains and is a good source of protein and water soluble vitamins specially thiamin and niacin. It however contains certain antinutritional factors which, could be eliminated by various treatments yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry feed.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the influence of rice polishings on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to various treatments. Full fat rice polishings was subjected to extrusion cooking and then divided into 4 equal parts. One part was used in ration as such, second treated with 1 percent acetic acid, third treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide and fourth treated first with acetic aid and then with calcium hydroxide. Five starter and finisher experimental rations designated as A, B, C, D, and E respectively were prepared. Ration A contained no rice polishings and was kept as control. In rations B, C, D and B treated rice polishings at 15 percent level was used substituting wheat. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and Finisher rations for 21 days to 150 Hubbard broiler chicks divided into 15 experimental units of 10 chicks each reared on floor on deep litter system. Each experimental ration was randomly allotted to 3 experimental units of chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid. Lowest weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration A (control). Second best result in weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration D which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide.
Best feed utilization per unit of gain was observed in birds fed on ration C where as poor feed conversion ratio was noted in birds fed on ration E which contained rice polishings first treated with acetic acid and then with calcium hydroxide.
Results indicated that different treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and resulted into better weight gain. Use of treated rice polishings did not show any detrimental effect on the performance of birds. Difference in feed consumed and conversion ratio towards higher side might have been due to some managemental errors or weather conditions. Extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid showed significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization in birds per unit of gain as compared to control and other rations containing rice polishings given other treatments.
It was concluded that various treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and it proved to be a beneficial feed ingredient for poultry feeding substituting wheat without any deleterious effect. Treatment with 1 percent acetic acid or 1 percent calcium hydroxide were equally good and potent methods to overcome the problem of antinutritional factors present in rice polishings.
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7.
Study Of Combined Effect Of Probiotic And Antibiotic As A Feed Additive On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Major Akhtar, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 singly and in combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Hatchary and randomly divided into 4 groups designated as A, B, C and D consisting of 60 birds each. Each group was further sub-divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks each. Group A was kept as control, group B was fed on ration containing Fermacto at the rate of 2kg/ton feed, group C was given Flavomycin80 at the rate of 0.113 kg/ton of feed whereas group D was given combination of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 at the same levels. The parameters studied were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and mortality. Weekly feed intake and body weight gain were recorded. At the end of the experiment 10 birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between the means was revealed by using least significant different (LSD) test.
It was concluded that the supplementation of Fermacto, Flavomycin-80 and their combination gave significant (P <0.05) improvement in the broiler chicks in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. However, single use of Fermacto was the most economical as compared to the remaining two treatments.
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8.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
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9.
Effect Of Enzyme (Kemzyme Hf) Supplementation Of Sunflower Meal On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Hammad-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The quail has gamed an important place in the poultry farming due to its better growth rate, less space requirement that is 8 or 10 quails occupy the same space on which a broiler can be reared. They mature at an early age and the female birds are usually in full production by about 50 days of age, moreover quail meat has more protein than chicken meat. Its meat is very tasty and tender. It is fortified with nutrients required for human health and has a very low percentage of cholesterol More over quail meat has comparatively more protein percentage as compared to chicken meat and is a good source of certain B. vitamins.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil meal is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from the decorticated sunflower seed. Being good source of vegetable protein (34% CP) the sunflower meal can be developed as a good vegetable protein supplement for different poultry rations.
Sunflower meal is cheaper than soybean meal. It possesses high fiber content and chiorogenic acid an anti-nutritional factor, which can be reduce with the inclusion of enzymes.
Kemzyme is stabilized multi-enzyme product from Kemin Europa NV, Belgium. It contains alpha - amylase beta - glucanase, lipase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase complex including pentosanase, xylanase, pectinase and cellubiase. The enzyme mixture is claimed to break down the non-starch polysacchardies (NSP), reduces the viscosity of gut content and improves the utilization of feed nutrients,mainly cellulase and hemicellulase complex of Kemzyme by degrading high amounts of crude fiber in the sunflower meal.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation on the nutritive value of diets containing different levels of sunflower meal on the performance of Japanese quails.
Two hundred and seventy (270) day old quail chicks of mixed sexes were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into six groups of 45 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 quails each and were kept in battery cages. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations were prepared using three levels of sunflower meal viz., 5, 10, 15% without enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation designated as A, B & C and with enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation (500 g/ton) designated as D, E & F.
The data on the weekly feed consumption and body weight recorded during the experiment. The total weight gain and feed consumption were used to calculate feed conversion ration and economics. At the end of the experiment three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. Proximate analysis of experimental rations were done according to AOAC (1984).
The data collected was analyzed by applying analysis of variance technique using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test to detect the difference among the treatments and means, were compared by using least significant difference test.
The results showed that the maximum weight gain (190 gm) feed consumption (515 gm), feed conversion efficiency (2.71) and dressing percentage (69%) were observed in the quails fed on ration E, containing 10% sunflower meal with enzyme supplementation. While the minimum weight gain (125 gm), lowest feed consumption (427 gm) poor feed conversion efficiency (3.41) and lowest dressing percentage (60%) were observed by the chicks fed on ration C containing 15% sunflower meal without enzyme supplementation.
Economics of different experimental rations fed to birds with and without enzyme supplementation revealed that enzyme supplementation sunflower meal based diets increased the profit margin by the reduction in feed cost per unit gain.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the results of present study the following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The optimum inclusion level of sunflower meal, without dietary modification in quail rations may be below 10 percent.
2. Enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation can improve the weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage and was the economical.
3. Enzyme (Kernzyme HF) supplementation of quail diets can only be feasible when sunflower meal used at 10 percent level.
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10.
Effect Of Suplementation Of Different Levels Of Vitamins On The Production Performance Of Broilers
by Mateen Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhamad | prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Vitamin means vital amines. They are organic regulators of metabolism that are required in the daily diet of bird for normal growth and maintenance of the body. They are mediators of synthetic and degenerative processes and exercise catalytic functions in the body because many of them function as co-enzymes. The present study was conducted in 200 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks to knew the effect of supplementation of different levels of vitamins in broiler starter and broiler finisher ration. The supplemented ration tested were ration A (NRC), ration B (NRC+l0%) ration C (NRC+20%), and ration D (NRC+30%). The experiment had a completely randomized design.
The chicks were randomly divided into 4 major groups comprising 50 chicks each. Each major group was further sub-divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks each. The supplemental rations were prepared according to NRC (Nutrient Requirement of domestic animals, 1994) requirement and with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% vitamin. The four treatments were allotted to different groups of birds at random. The chicks were housed in a room compartment provided with battery cages-Experimental room temperature was 95F(35C) in the first week and then it was reduced SF each week. The birds were offered experimental rations and fresh clean water at ad libitum. The overall results showed that weight gain, FCR, weight gain per unit protein intake, liver and gizzard showed significant difference among the treatments. However feed consumption, protein intake and heart weight showed non-significant difference. The incidence of deficiency diseases was observed to be 8, 2, 0 and 0 percent fed on ration A, B, C and D respectively. However there was no mortality in any group. Net profit gain was higher for ration "D".
These results might be on account that supplementation improved the digestibility of dietary organic matter, protein fed and nitrogen free extract, thereby resulting in better utilization of these nutrients that ended to better performance. So in conclusion dietary vitamin inadequacy suppressed broiler performance and impaired the cellular mediated immunity. The recommendations for vitamin requirements and vitamins supplementation practices vary considerably throughout the world. So the updates of vitamin requirements extensively used in NRC journals are not always based on recent experiments. There is therefore a danger, that requirements stated for some vitamins might not reflect the need of modern poultry.
CONCLUSION
1. Experimental diet consistently showed better performance so vitamins in control diet are not optimal.
2. Normal needs of the birds and the recommended levels of the vitamins vary considerably.
3. The Official recommendations of the NRC cover only the lowerst possible needs so we will have to add substantional safety margins in the ration.
4. Improved performance in this experiment enable us to consider that further research is required to discover more efficient modalities of vitamin supplementation.
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11.
Effect Of Locally Produced Phytase Enzyme On Growth Of Layer Chicks
by Farhan Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were, to produce phytase on large scale and to make sure its effectiveness in utilization of phytate P in diet of growing pullets. The fungal species Aspergilus niger was used as fermentation organism, for the production of extra cellular high active phytase enzyme on defatted rice bran through solid state fermentation (SSF). Cultivation conditions for phytase production including substrate; water ratio, temperature, were optimized. Phytase production was found maximum after 96 hrs of incubation, at 40% moisture level. The developed conditions were then utilized for production of phytase on large scale basis. After production, the activity of enzyme was measured. Then this phytase was supplemented to layer grower negative control diet (NPP 0.3 1%) in different proportions i.e., 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 tg/kg of diet to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus. Rice polishing was used as a major ingredient, as it contains high phytate contents. During experiment, feed intake, weight gain and FCR of birds were measured on weekly basis. Excreta were collected at the end of experiment to determine the effect of phytase on P availability. Also samples of toes were collected and percentage toe ash was measured.
The total feed consumption from 9-18 wk of pullets fed on diet A, B, C and D was 2919.7, 2861.9, 2913.6 and 2930.9g respectively. Weigh gain was 743.15, 718.37, 749.70 and 768.OOg respectively and FCR was 3.93, 3.99, 3.89 and 3.81 respectively.
The results showed that when low P diet (0.31% NPP) was supplemented with different levels of phytase, there was slight improvement in the performance of birds with the addition of phytase in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. Group "D", fed with diet containing 0.31% non phytate phosphorus (NPP) plus phytase (2000 igfKg of diet) showed best performance than all other groups. Group "B", fed with diet containing 0.3 1% NPP plus phytase (1000 j.tg/Kg of diet), showed poorest performance. While the performance of group "C", fed with diet containing 0.3% NPP plus phytase (l500.ig/Kg of diet) was almost similar to control group (A) fed with diet containing 0.4% NPP without phytase. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, using completely randomized design (CRD). The statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference (P> 0.05) among all treatments in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. The results were non-significant; it indicates that even lowest level of phytase (1OO0tg/Kg of diet) with 50% DCP was sufficient to maintain optimum performance of pullets. It also indicates that further investigations are required to decrease the DCP level below 50% with addition of different levels of phytase.
Phosphorus availability percentage of groups A, B, C and D was 42.67, 50.00, 54.68 and 60.67% respectively. While percentage of toe ash was 11.9, 11.2, 12.1 and 12.7% respectively. The results of P availability measured from the P intake through feed and P voided through feces showed that there was significant linear increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of P availability with increase in level of phytase. In group D (2000ig phytase 1Kg of diet) there was highest availability of P while in control group there was lowest availability of P.
In respect of toe ash there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among different experimental pullet groups. Highest toe ash percentage was in D (2000.tg phytase /Kg of diet) group while lowest in group B (l000.tg phytase /Kg of diet). Toe ash percentage of group C (1 500.tg phytase 1Kg of diet) was slightly better than group A (control). Statistically groups A and C were better then group B, but non-significant among each other. Toe ash was higher (P < 0.05) in group D than all other groups except group C.
Conclusion
- We can reduce 50% of inorganic source of phosphorus i.e. DCP with the addition of phytase, in the diet of growing pullets, with out any adverse effect on the performance of pullets.
- Other benefit of phytase supplementation is that we can improve availability of P and ultimately can reduce P in feces of birds and thus can reduce the environmental pollution.
- Further investigations are required to reduce DCP level more than 50% or even up to 0 levels with the addition of phytase.
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12.
Effect Of Autoclaving And Extrausion Of Rice Polishing On Apparent And True Metabolizable Energy In Cockerels
by Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Kahliq | Dr. Ishfaq | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The project was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizabole energy (TME) of untreated, autoclaved and extended rice polishing in cockerels by force-feeding method. Three feedstuffs commonly used in poultry rations were assayed. Forty birds of uniform weight and size were selected out of 60 birds for experimental purpose. Each rice polishing sample was force fed to 10 cockerels for estimation of AME and TME. Ten birds were kept as control for the estimation of endogenous energy losses. The pre feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta were collected over a period of 24 hours. Proximate analysis for Moisture, Crude Protein, Ash, Fiber and Nitrogen free extract were carried out. The gross energy of the ingredients and the excreta were measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. AME and TME were worked out; the AME values of untreated and autoclavedrice rice polishing were statistically non significant (P>0.05).
There was no affect of autoclaving on metabolizable energy contents in rice polishing. It might be due to the fact that water soluble nutrient lost during autoclaving. The values of extruded rice polishing were statistically high than untreated and autoclaved rice polishing (3255 kcal/kg). This was due to provision of heat during treatment. This high temperature may be cause of denaturing of complex carbohydrates and thus increase of soluble carbohydrates. The treatments also improve the nutritional value of rp in terms of protein, energy vitamin, minerals etc., it was noted that there was direct relationship between the crude fiber content and AME of feed stuffs. As crude fiber content of feed stuffs increased the AME values decreased and vice versa.
True metabolizable energy values were obtained by the addition of metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary energy (Fe + UE) to AME. True metabolizable energy of untreated rice polishing, autoclaved and extruded were 3532, 3516 and 3650 kcal/kg, respectively.
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13.
Simplication Of Urea Treatment Method To Improve The Nutritve Value Of Cereal Starw
by Muhammad Haroon Muzaffar | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Kamran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: In Pakistan about 36 million tones of rice and wheat straw is produced annually which constitutes an important part of livestock feeding. Cereal straws have low protein contents and low digestibility. Hence, inspite of large volume they contribute little towards meeting the nutritional requirement of livestock. In the past, efforts have been made to improve the nutritive value of straws through chemical treatment which included use of NaOH, anhydrous ammonia and hydrogen peroxide with different levels of success. Lately urea has been used for increasing the digestibility and protein contents of straws. However, inspite of significant improvement in the nutritive value by this method the adoption of technology by the farmers always remained low. Reason for low adaptability may be due to relatively tedious technology and involvement of labour.
The conventional method of urea treatment of straw involves preparation of 4% solution of urea in water, sprinkling this solution on wheat straw layer by layer and simultaneously pressing the wheat straw to give it anaerobic condition and finally covering it with mud plaster or plastic sheet and incubation for a period of one month before its use. Limitation of this method is the involvement of labour especially when larger quantities of straw are to be treated.
To overcome this problem a new simple and easier method has been developed. This method involves weighing of urea @ 4% of straw to be treated, mixing it with the double the amount of manure or Acacia leaves, giving some moisture by adding water, putting this mixture in bag, keeping the bag on ground where straw is to be treated, piling the straw on bag, again moistening the straw with water (60% of straw) and incubating this material for one month under the cover of plastic sheet or mud plaster.
The method is slightly less efficient than the conventional one but very simple and involves very little labour as compared with conventional one. In the new method three steps including preparation of urea solution, sprinkling of solution on straw and pressing the straw during treatment process have been deleted which resulted in saving labour and time.
CONCLUSION
As a result of this study a new and easy method has been developed which is simpler and involves much lesser labour than the conventional one. In this method following three main steps have been excluded which are used in the conventional method.
a) Preparation of 4% urea solution.
b) Sprinkling and mixing of urea solution with wheat straw.
c) Pressing the wheat straw to give it anaerobic conditions.
Method is slightly less efficient than the conventional one and demands more research work. The new method may be named as "Bag Method".
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14.
Effect Of Different Doses Of Bovine Somatotropin Hormone In-Ravi Buffaloes On Growth, Milk Production and Physiological Parameters
by Hafiz Faisal Majeed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of different doses of bovine sornatotropin hormone (bST) on milk production, milk composition, growth! body weight, and physiological parameters (Hemoglobin, Total protein, 1-lernatocrit values, Cholesterol, Glucose, Urea and ESR level). For this purpose 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Livestock Experimental Station Bahadur Nagar Okara with similar stage of lactation were selected. They were randomly divided in to three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full- recommended dose of bST hormone (250 mg /animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 S/C at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group B were given S/C injection on alternate days with divided doses of(36 mg/animal). The group C was kept as control. The maintenance requirement of the animals was met through by available green fodder at the rate of 40-50 kg per animal per day while production requirements were met through concentrate ration at the i-ate of half of the milk production. Milk production was recorded daily and milk sarnpes weve coXeeted on weakly basis or analysis. The blood samples were collected on fortnight basis to see the effect of bovine Sornatotropin hormone on physiological parameters. The research trial continued for 6 month till the completion of lactation.
The average (rnean± SD) milk production of groups A, B and C were 7.38±1.30, 7.29±1.20 and 6.66±0.80 litters respectively. The increase in milk production was found to be 11% as compared to group C (control). The average (mean± sd) Fat, SNF and T.S percent in animals of group A were recorded 6.59±0.10, 9.13±0.28 and 15.73±0.34, respectively Where as in group B it was 6.58±0.15, 9.28±0.26 and 16.01±0.30 respectively. The averages (mcan±SD) Fat, SNF and TS percent in control group C were, 6.42±0.111, 8.83±0.47 and 15.45 ±0.245 respectively. There was improvement in Fat, SNF and TS percent of the treated group versus control group. The average (mean±SD) body weight found in subgroups A, B and group C was 528.78±50.64, 561.02±91.35 and 518.06±37.50 kgs respectively. There was slight increase was observed in treated group.
The average values of Hemoglobin, 1-Iaernatocrit, ESR, Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, and Urea in experimental animals of group A were I 1.44g/dl, 32.84%, 94.15mm/h 173.87mg/lOOrni, 10.99g/dl, 567.57 g/dl, 86.25 mg/dl, and 4.089 rng/dl and respectively. In animals of group B there were 11.96 g/dl, 32.04%, 74.70 mm/h 181.10 mg/lOOm!, 11.10 g/dl, 548.03 g/dl, 84.655 mg/dl and 3.7474 rng/dl respectively. Whereas in-group C (control) the average values of Hemoglobin, Haernatocrit, ESR Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, Urea were 12.20 g/dl, 33.11%, 83.11 mm/h 190.78, mg/lOOm!, 10.60 g/dl, 557.32 rng/dl, 84.92 rng/dl and 3.8848 g/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the bovine Somatotropin hormone had no desirable effect on physiological parameters. It is concluded that treatment of bovine sornatotropin hormone had no effect on blood composition, milk composition and physiological parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. It is also concluded that dose of bSt of 250mg injected at 14 days interval is beneficial for overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloe. To overall bST had positive effect on economic parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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15.
The Effect Of Gossypol On The Semen Quality Of Buffalo Breeding Bulls
by Muhammad Irfan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Muhammad Ashique | Prof. Dr. Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Buffalo breeding, an important form of livestock production, is practiced throughout the world and makes an important contribution to overall global agricultural production. The buffalo is an important provider of milk and meat in our country. Cottonseeds and its by-product, e.g., cottonseed cakes are mostly used as protein source in livestock rations. In the present study gossypol contents of cotton seed cake in the experimental rations was determined. Moreover, the effects of diets containing cotton seed cake on the semen quality in buffalo breeding bulls were investigated. For the determination of free gossypol contents seven samples of cotton seed cake used in the experimental rations were collected. These samples were analyzed for the free gossypol contents using American Oil Chemist's Society Official Method, Ba 7-58.
To study the effects of gossypol on semen quality, fifteen adult buffalo breeding bulls were randomly divided into three equal groups named A,B and C. Bulls in group A were fed control ration "A" (without gossypol). Animals in group B were fed ration "B" which contained 15% cotton seed cake (containing free gossypol contents of 0.525 g/kg of ration), and those in group C were given ration "C" containing 30% cotton seed cake (which contained free gossypol @ 1.05 g/kg of ration). Experimental rations were fed to the buffalo bulls of respective groups according to their requirements as per NRC recommendation. The amount of free gossypol fed to the experimental animals of group B and group C were 5.25 and 10.5 g/bull/day.
In addition, buffalo bulls in all the three groups were given good quality chaffed green fodder and clean water ad-libitum.
Experimental animals in all groups were fed ration "A" for one month (pre-treatment period). The experimental rations were fed to buffalo bulls of respective groups for a period of two months from June to July, (treatment period). Experimental animals in each group (A, B and C) were fed with experimental ration "A" (without gossypol) for another two months period from August to September (post-treatment period). Body weight measurements were taken at monthly interval and semen samples were collected on weekly intervals and evaluated for physical characteristics of semen quality during the course of study.
The amount of free gossypol of cotton seed cake
averaged 0.35 ± 0.0 1345 percent whereas in rations A, B and C, it was 0, 52.5 and 105.0 g/kg respectively.
The gossypol contents of cotton seed cake presenf in the experimental rations did not cause any sign of gossypol toxicity. Moreover, among the groups, the mass motility, individual motility, motility after dilution, motility after freezing, sperm concentration and live% were not affected but volume, p11 and body weight of buffalo bulls was affected significantly. Among the periods, pH, motility after freezing and live spermatozoa percent differed significantly but volume, mass motility, individual motility, motility after dilution did not differed significantly.
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16.
Effect Of Sodium Bentonite On Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency
by Ghayur Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: A trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing sodium bentonite, to find the effectiveness of sodium bentonite on the growth performance of Sahiwal male calves. Twelve animals of almost same age and weight were selected from the available stock at Animal Nutrition Centre, Rakh Dera Chahl, Lahore. These animals were divided into three groups and fed a standard ration "A" according to their nutrient requirements. Rations of group B and C were supplemented with sodium bentonite at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0 per cent while group A served as control. The trial was run for a period of 90 days with normal managemental practices. During the experimental period body weight gain and feed consumption of the individual animals was recorded. At the end of the experiment the data were analyzed statistically. The result of the experiment suggested that addition of sodium bentonite had statistically non-significant effect on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversation ratio and rate of passage of digesta through the gastro-intestinal tract. Based on the results of this trial it could be inferred that supplementation of sodium bentonite may have some beneficial effect on the performance of calves. However, use of this clay over extended period of time needs to be investigated for any adverse effect in future
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17.
Effect Of Bovine Somatotropin On Meat Production Potential And Meat Quality In Growing Buffalo Calves
by Abdul Ahad | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of Bovine somatotropin on total weight gain, fortnightly weight gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition of buffalo calves. For this purpose, 16 male buffalo calves were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Animal Nutrition Center, Rakh Dera Chal. They were divided into four groups A, B, C and D with 4 animals in each group. The group A was given simple fodder ad libiti urn and the group B was given simple fodder ad libitiurn and was injected with recommended dose of bst hormone (125mg/animal) with trade name of Boostin 250 s/c at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group C were given simple fodder ad hhitiurn + 1% b. wt. In group D animals were given fodder ad libitiurn + 1% b.wt. Experimental ration + bst injection s/c at the interval of 14 days. Daily fodder and feed intake was recorded. The weight of each animal was recorded after fourteen days. The research trial continued for 3 months. The feed efficiency of group A to D was 8.08, 4.89, 5.91 and 4.79 with an average daily weight gain of 0.3 11, 0.486, 0.619 and 0.711 kg, respectively. The dressing percentage was 47.04, 48.35, 48.59 and 49.76 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of blood, heart and lungs were 4.66, 4.67, 4.69, 5.16 percent and 0.5, 0.47, 0.56 and 0.57 percent and 1.55, 1.23, 1.31 and 1.38 for group A to D, respectively. The percentage of liver, spleen and kidneys were 1.8, 1.17, 1.61, 1.53 percent and 0.32, 0.44, 0.33, 0.42 percent and 0.33, 0.34, 0.32, 0.35 percent for group A to D respectively. The value for other components like mesenteric fat, feet, head and skin were 1.8, 1.84, 1.87, 2.4 percent for mesenteric fat and 3.04, 3.38,, 2.93 and 2.64 percent for feet and 5.03, 5.13, 4.67 and 4.57 percent for head and 10.5, 9.46, 10.32 and 10.0 percent for skin of group A to D, respectively. The percentage ratio of meat, bone, fat and other tissues were 49.5, 51.6, 50.5 and 49.5 percent, 34.15, 33.0, 34.5 and 35.15 percent, 7.5, 9.25, 8.0 and 9.5 percent 4.20, 3.85, 4.5 and 5.1 percent for group A to D, respectively. The chemical composition of meat revealed 74.37, 73.0, 74.87 and 76.30 percent moisture, 19.75, 20.75, 21.On and 20.50 percent for crude protein, 8.15, 9.0, 9.15 and 9.07 percent for ether extract, 6.08, 6.6,6.15 and 7.0 percent for ash in group A to D respectively. The costs of 1 kg meat production from group A to D were 123.40, 103.40, 98.97 and 107.00 rupees respectively. This revealed that minimum cost of meat production was in group C, where as calves in group A proved most expansive meat producer among the groups. The overall data suggests that use of bST has positive effect on meat production but economic feasibility is still questionable.
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18.
Effectis Of Supplementation Of Phytase On Growth Performance And Mineral Utilization (Ca, P & Zn) In Japanese Quail
by Muhammed Arshad Shad | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two third of phosphorus present in poultry diets is in bound form (Phytate P) and is predominantly not available to poultry, as non ruminant species lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate probably compromises the utilization of protein/amino acids, energy and minerals including calcium, ferrous, zinc, magnesium, potassium & many others and can contribute to mineral deficiencies. Dietary inclusion of phytase enzyme economically generates blo-available phosphorus and reduces the Phosphorus load on the environment. Phytase is the requisite enzyme to degrade phytate and notionally phytase has the capacity to hydrolyze the phytate and release inorganic Phosphorus.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 900 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each having 10 replicates of 15 birds. Six corn soybean based diets (A & B) were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but were different in Phosphorus & Calcium levels. Diet A was in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diet B had lower levels of total Phosphorus and Calcium(0.20% and 0.15% less relative to diet A respectively). Five levels of phytase enzyme (250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg of feed) were added to diet B to obtain diets C, D, F and F, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, zinc retention, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash%, toe ash%, deficiency symptoms, mortality % and economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash% and toe ash% of groups E and F were significantly higher than group B, C and D, (P<0.05).The performance of group E and F was comparable with that of group A (+ve control). No significant difference was observed between these groups.
As far as deficiency symptoms and mortality is concerned, a large number in the groups B (39.30%), C (2 1.33%) and D (16.00%) was found suffering from leg weakness, swollen joints and crippled legs. A higher mortality rate was also recorded in these groups (4.67%, 3.33% and 2.67%, for groups B, C and D, respectively). Very less number of birds showed the above mentioned signs in groups A (0%), E (8.67%) and F (3.33%), similarly mortality percentage in these groups also remained considerably low (1 .33%, 2.67% and 2.00% for groups A, E and F, respectively).
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group F than all the other treatment groups. The difference between group F and A was calculated as Rs. 1.89. A large amount can be saved as profit if diets are formulated with out DCP and are supplemented with phytase ensuring optimum utilization of phytate.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that phytase supplementation ensures phytate degradation making available, the minerals and other nutrients chelated to it. Phytase supplementation not only facilitates the feed formulatin but also make possible the inclusion of ingredients which contain anti nutritional factor named, "phytate". This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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19.
Development Of Ration For Increasing Milk Fat Percentage In Nili-Ravi Buffaloees
by Shiraz Nasim | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to see the effect of different rations on the milk production as well as milk fat percentage. For this purpose 20 Nili-Ravi early lactating buffaloes were selected from the existing herd and randomly divided in to five groups A, B, C, D and E. The animals were selected on the basis of their age and stage of lactation. The group A was treated with conventional ration (control group) while group B and C were supplemented with oil @ 3 % and oil + niacin @ 15 g / day / animal respectively. While group D and E were supplemented with megalac @ 3 % and megalac + niacin (1 5g/day/animal). Green fodder was given for the maintenance requirement of the animals, while the production requirements were met through experimental rations. The research trial was continued for three months at BRI, Patokki.
Milk production was recorded daily. Milk composition was analyzed on weekly basis. The milk production among the different groups was 7.13 ± 0.59, 7.70 ± 1.30, 7.31 ± 1.02, 7.31 ± 0.81 and 7.46 ± 0.61 liters. Statistical analysis showed that the milk production in groups was similar and not significant between the groups but significant among the weeks.
Milk composition in terms of fat and its fractions (Solid Non Fat, Total Solids) protein and lactose percentage will be determined on weekly basis. The economics of milk production on various rations was estimated. The milk fat contents of groups were 5.29 ± 0.35%, 6.23 ± 0.37%, 6.31 ± 0.21%, 6.67 ± 0.33% and 7.41 ± 0.3 1%, for control (A), vegetable oil (B), vegetable oil + niacin (C), megalac (D) (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin (E) groups respectively. The SNF contents of milk were 9.31±0.23, 9.27±0.10, 9.20±0.14, 9.50±0.30 and 9.24±0.16 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively, while the TS contents were 13.81 ± 0.49, 14.78 ± 0.34, 14.88 ± 0.15, 15.49 ± 0.59 and 15.84 ± 0.40for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively. The milk protein contents of different groups were 3.24 ± 0.07, 3.27 ± 0.07, 3.32 ± 0.08, 3.27 ± 0.10 and 3.32 ± 0.19 respectively for control, vegetable oil, vegetable oil + niacin, megalac (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin groups respectively. The lactose contents of milk were 4.20 ± 0.05, 4.30 ± 0.08, 4.39 ± 0.12, 4.32 ± 0.08 and 4.46 ± 0.14 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively
Blood samples were collected on fortnightly basis. The blood samples were analyzed for the total proteins, urea, cholesterol and glucose level. Blood samples were collected from all animals of the groups. The serum total protein for different groups were 3.41±26.4, 3.14±42.47, 3.71±39.05, 3.36±35.02 and 3.17±38.07 g/l in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood urea contents were 15.47±1.62, 22.03±2.26, 18.71±2.19, 19.65±1.34 and 16.60±4.59 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood cholesterol contents were 139.79±41.47, 180.21±8.52, 164.77±7.79, 168.45±4.89 and 137.90±9.88 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E, while the blood glucose contents were 44.96±2.66, 35.18±9.65, 43.57±3.24, 37.66±18.94 and 35.73±1.12 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E.
Body weight gain of the animals was recorded on fortnightly basis. The weight of the animals was recorded early in the morning.
CONCLUSION
Dairy animals of high genetic merit require nutrients in addition to those produced from ruminal fermentation to achieve their potential and maintain milk quality. Fat and proteinaceous feed supplements should be designed to achieve optimal microbial efficiency in the rumen and to maximize digestibility and absorption fats and proteins from the small intestine. The degree of protection of fat supplements from ruminal metabolism should be as high as possible in order to minimize their deleterious impact on microbial metabolic activities. Fat supplements should also contain a fatty acid profile that allows the composition of milk fat to satisfy the nutritional demands of consumers and to provide the special physicochemical properties that are required for manufacturing
Buffaloes would be expected to exceed cattie in fat test by 1 to 3%, depending on breed and environmental conditions, but fat percentage of buffaloes appears to be influenced by environmental factors such as age and season of calving in about the same proportions as for cattle. The buffalo is less efficient as a milk producer, slower in reaching maturity, and subject to longer calving intervals than Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan. The high fat content of buffalo milk, coupled with larger fat globules, results in buffalo milk having higher utility on small farms than cattle milk because of ease in removal of the fat.
It is concluded that as the animals were fed concentrate ration, there is milk fat depression in the milk of dairy animals. So to maintain the milk fat for most dairy producers, the most effective method of maintaining an adequate milk fat percentage in the milk is:
o ensure that adequate fiber is in the ration, and
o include buffers in the concentrate mix or total mixed ration of the dairy animal.
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20.
Nutritional Evaluation Processing Ang Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Livestock Feed
by Azmat hayat Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Saima | Mr.Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 5 0-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensiled with wheat straw, with and without addition of 5% molasses for a period of 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 43% with water and by addition of 5% molasses. The pH of silages of rumen contents and wheat straw, with and without molasses were 4.8 and 4.92, respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a little increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 15 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having total mixed ration (TMR) (Ti), TMR with 43% DM in wheat straw (T2), 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw and rumen contents (T3), TMR with 5% molasses in wheat straw (T4), and 50% TMR plus 50% ensued wheat straw with rumen contents and molasses (T5). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents, DM intake, DM and nutrient digestibility as well as N retention were significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage without molasses treatment. However, the digestible energy (D.E) was significantly (P<O.05) higher for silage treated with molasses. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake, DM, CP, CF, cellulose and hemicellulose digestibility, D.E and N retention but not for T5 and T3, T4 and T2 and T2 and Ti in case of DM intake and EE, NDF and ADF in case of digestibility. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on digestibility and health of buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1096,T] (1).
21.
Studies On Levels Of Calcium And Phosphorous In Sheep And Goats Of Different Eclogical Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Ilyas | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: To determine the values of Calcium and Phosphorous in blood of Sheep and Goats of Centeral Mix Zone (Lahore, Kasur and Okara) and Cotton Zone (Sahiwal and Pakpattan), about 1000 blood samples were collected. In addition to blood, samples of feed, fodder, soil and water were also collected from same sites. Species under the study were sheep and goat. Sampling was done in two seasons i.e., summer and winter. For blood collection, animal were subdivided in two groups i.e., adult and young stock. In Sheep and Goats 50% samples were taken from adult animals and 50% from lambs and kids. Heparin was used as anticoagulant in blood samples. By using centrifuge machine blood plasma was separated and preserved in freezer. Feedstuff and soil samples were dried in oven and ground to 1mm particle size by using Willy mill. Water samples were given no treatment except filtration. Plasma samples were digested by using 10% TCA, whereas soil and feedstuff samples were subjected to wet digestion. After dilution all samples were run in atomic absorption spectrophotometer for estimation of Calcium and Phosphorous.
The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±0.5, 8.73±0.45, 10.08±1.23, 10.12±1.3 and 8.99±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.1, 8.83±0.98, 9.96±1.22, 10.6±1.32 and 8.77±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±1.21, 8.73±1.12, 10.1±1.67, 10.1±1.78, 8.99±1.13 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.13, 8.83±1.11, 9.96±1.23, 10.6±1.76, 8.77±1.45 respectively.
The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.34, 9.26±1.22, 10.1±1.43, 9.74±1.1 and 8.4±0.98 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.09±1.1, 8.80±0.99, 10.1±1.56, 10.2±1.58 and 8.93±0.99 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.21, 8.88±0.98, 10.0±1.76, 10.2±1.88 and 8.71±1.34 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 8.84±0.98, 8.60±0.89, 9.98±1.13, 10.1±1.88 and 8.81±0.95 respectively.
The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 5.19±0.5, 6.10± 0.45, 4.84±0.34, 6.33±0.34 and 6.02±0.65 respectively. The mean plasma phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.3 1±0.45, 6.12±0,56, 4.81±0.34, 6.29±0.75 and 6.00±0.67 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 4.95±0.45, 6.16±0.80, 5.07±0.56, 6.4±0.8 and 5.79±0.55 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.56±0.54, 6.19±0.65, 4.72±0.43, 6.38±0.74 and 6.17±0.8 1 respectively.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The calcium is present in normal range in the plasma of sheep in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The oat fodder, jantar, maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat straw, wheat bran, rice husk and feeding plan like sorghum plus wheat straw are deficient in calcium in all the district of both zones but the grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, lucern fodder, sawank, kasni, Cotton seed cake and feeding plans like grazing, barseem plus wheat straw are normal for calcium concentration for all districts in both of the zones. All the districts are in normal range for calcium concentration in soil. Water mean calcium values were found higher in Sahiwal (3.42 ppm) district as compared to Lahore (2.65 ppm) district.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats and sheep in all the districts in the winter season and summer season.The grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, jantar, lucern, sawank, kasni maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat bran cotton seed cake, grazing and feeding plans like barseem plus wheat straw, sorghum plus wheat straw are normal or marginal normal but the oat fodder, wheat straw and rice husk are deficient in phosphorous for all the districts of both zones. The Okara and Sahiwal districts are in normal range for phosphorous concentration but the Kasur, Lahore and Pakpattan are marginal deficient for phosphorous concentration. Water mean phosphorous values recorded in this study were higher in the Pakpattan (123 ppm) district and lower in Lahore (24.2 ppm) district.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1112,T] (1).
22.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Sorghum At Different Stages Of Growth
by Shahid Nadeem | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. David McGill | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. Fodder crops cover 16 to 19% of the total cropped area in the country. The country is still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons) and digestible protein (1.76 million tons), which is still not sufficient to meet the feeding requirement of livestock in the country. The shortage of fodder is a major limiting factor for livestock growth. A study was planned to focus on nutritionally improved high yielding sorghum variety (JS2002) on two different topographically sites viz Okara and Bhakar districts. Initially the soils of the selected sowing sites were analyzed for its type and pH before sowing.
The chemical composition of sorghum fodder was determined to assess the nutritive value at different cutting stage of growth in district Okara and Bhakar. Sorghum samples were analyzed for proximate analysis, macro minerals and In-situ digestibility using fistulated animals. The results of present study showed that average dry matter, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash, NDF and ADF values from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 24.29%, 75.56%, 8.5 1%, 28.26%, 2.34%, 7.5%, 62.95%, 61.04%, 38.41%, percent respectively from district Okara and were 23.48%, 76.53%, 7.95%, 27.5 1%, 2.23%, 8.25%, 61.04%, 37.04 percent respectively from district Bhakar. The dry matter, crude fiber, NDF and ADF also increase as plant gets maturity.
The average In-situ digestibility at 24 hrs and 48 hrs from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 67.53%, 78.5 1% and 67.16%, 77.90% from Okara and Bhakar respectively. In-situ digestibility decreases as fiber increases.
The average Ca, P. Na, K values from all the cuts of sorghum were 0.40%, 0.11%, 0.05%, 1.86% in Okara district and were 0.32%, 0.14%, 0.03%, 2.02% for Bhakar district. The average yield of sorghum fodder was 21.73 t/ha in Okara and was 18.41% in Bhakar districts.
A significant difference was seen in nutritive value of sorghum fodder from all the cuts from Okara and Bhakar districts. This differenc3e might be due to the temperature fluctuations, water availability and soil fertility.
It was concluded that topographically the Okara district is better for growing sorghum fodder.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1113,T] (1).
23.
Seasonal Variations In Zinc Status Of Livestock Of Okara And Hafizabad Districts Of Punjab
by Ahsan Farid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Livestock doles out 51.8% of agricultural value added and it shares 11.3% to national GDP. Livestock supports the lives of 30-35 million people in rural areas. The total population of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat in the Pakistan is 33.0, 29.9, 27.4 and 58.3 millions, respectively. The beef and mutton production is 1,601 and 509 thousand tons respectively. The milk production from cow, buffalo, sheep and goat is 14,982, 27,028, 36 and 719 (000 tons) (Anonymous, 2009). The livestock sector of Pakistan is very important. It is the rich source of food items like milk, meat etc. and also provides raw material to industry like leather, wool, bones, hair etc. Livestock production mainly depends on two factors; management and nutrition. The provision of feed stuffs of adequate balanced nutrition is likely to be the most limiting factor in increasing livestock production. One of the vital components of nutrition is minerals which play important role in various body functions and body structures of animals. Minerals' deficiency is the major problem of livestock and its estimation in blood, soil, forages will be helpful for providing balance nutrition to livestock. The basic aim of the study was to identify the imbalance and deficiencies of micro mineral (Zinc) in livestock of two districts of Punjab province. For this purpose, samples of blood, water, soil, crops and feed stuffs were taken. For the purpose of sampling, each district was divided into five sub-locations and these were considered as representative area of the district. Samples were taken from each sub-location.
These samples were brought to laboratory for analysis. For analysis of minerals, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used. Samples were analyzed for Zinc. The maps were developed on basis of geographical distribution of the Zn in soil, water, forages and animals' status with the help of GIS technology based on Global Positioning System. This study was helpful in providing the information about the present Zinc status in livestock of two districts to formulate rations and premixes. The data thus collected was subjected to one-way anova and t-test (Steel etal, 1997).
Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between summer and winter seasons for Zn in plasma of goats and Kids in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in Zn status of plasma of sheep, buffalo and cattle during all physiological stages between summer and winter seasons in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was found in Zn status of plasma of lambs during winter and summer seasons between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) was observed for Zn value in plasma of goat, kids and sheep during summer and winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in lactating cattle and young stock buffalo during both seasons and in young stock cattle during winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in lactating, dry/pregnant buffalo and dry/pregnant cattle during summer and winter seasons between both districts. The highest value of Zn was seen in young stock buffalo (1.43 ± 0.15 ppm) in Hafizabad district during winter season and the lowest value was found in sheep plasma (0.70 ± 0.01 ppm) during summer season in Okara district. The highest value for Zn level in the soil is found in Hafizabad district (4.10 ± 0.02 ppm) during winter season and in Okara district (3.16±0.07 ppm), during summer season. The overall value of Zn for summer and winter seasons was highest for Hafizabad (3.47 ± 0.05 ppm) district. In wheat fodder, the highest value of Zn was seen in Hafizabad district (0.0228 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and for Sorghum fodder highest value was observed in Okara district (374.0 ± 177.4 mg/kg). In corn grain, the highest value of Zn was seen in Okara district (0.0288 ± 0.002mg/kg). The highest value for wheat grain was observed in Hafizabad district (680 ± 216.2 mg/kg) and for rice grain in Okara district (55.2 ± 24.9 mg/kg). In wanda, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between both districts.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1209,T] (1).
24.
Implications Of Varying Electrolytes (Sodium Potassium And Chloride And Their Balance On Growth Performance and Physiologcal Responses of Broilers
by Mirza Muhammad Haroon | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad | FAPT.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A series of experiments were envisaged to evaluate the effect of supplementation of dietary electrolytes with applicability of dietary electrolyte balance by using different salts on growth and carcass responses, body physiological responses and litter condition of modern day broiler chickens under phase feeding system.
Day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments replicated four times in such a way that a floor space of 0.09 m2 was provided to each bird. Birds were housed in environmental control system. Continuous light was provided 24 hours for the first 3 day and thereafter a light pattern of 23L:ID was adopted for the entire experimental. In each experiment, a basal diet was formulated having lowest level of each electrolyte. In experiment 1, Na and DEB in the basal diet were maintained at 0.08% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was then supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and disodium sulphate (Na2SO4) to maintain four levels of Na (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) by fixing K and Cl with DEB 200, 240, 280 and 320 mEq/kg, respectively. In experiment 2, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of K and DEB i.e. 0.70% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with potassium sulphate (K2S04) and potassium carbonate (K2C04) by fixing Na and Cl. So, four levels of K (0.86, 1.02, 1.18, and 1.34%) were maintained in eight dietary treatments. In experiment 3, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of Cl and DEI3 i.e. 0.17% and 320 rnEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with ammonium chloride (NH4CI) or calcium chloride (CaCl2), so that, in each diet, we can have the increase of 40 mEq/kg DEB at 0.3 I, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73% of Cl at DEB 280, 240, 200 and 160 mEq/kg, respectively, by fixing Na and K.
At the end of each phase (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher); data of feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, mortality, water intake, water intake-to-feed intake ratio and litter quality were collected and evaluated. At the end of each experiment, two birds were slaughtered for their carcass and body physiological responses. Blood was also collected from these same birds for blood pH. glucose and serum mineral analyses. For statistical analyses, four (4) levels of electrolyte were used with two (2) sources of salt in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 2 under completely randomized design using GLM.
In experiment 1, highest weight gain and feed intake were found in birds consuming 0.17% (NaHCO3) and 0.44% (Na2SO4) dNa, respectively during d 1-10. However during d 11-20, weight gain and feed:gain were reduced with same levels of dNa. Maximum weight gain was found in diets containing 0.17 and 0.24% dNa during d 21-33 and 34-42, respectively. Improved FG was the result of diets containing 0.20% (NaHCO3) and 0.37% (Na2SO4) dNa during d 2 1-33. Linear rise in water intake was observed in birds with increasing dNa during d 1-42. Minimum litter dampness was seen at 0.37% (NaHCO3) and 0.2 1% (Na2SO4) during d 1-10. Minimum and maximum mortality were observed at 0.37% level of dNa in case of supplementation of NaHCO3 and Na2SO4, respectively. Significantly increased pH and kidney weight while reduced dressing percentage were observed by amount and salt of dNa. Increased breast, thigh and gizzard weights were observed with increasing sodium. Weights of pancreas, gall bladder, bursa, and lungs, and shank length were affected by interaction of amount and salt of dNa.
In experiment 2, BWG (P0.03) and feed:gain (P0.05) was improved at 1.20% dK during 32 to 42 d of age. K2S04 supplemented diets increased feed intake during I to 10 d (P<0.05), water intake during 34 to 42 d (P0.04) and mortality during 1 to 42 d (PE0.02). Water intake was increased linearly with increasing dK when supplemented by K2C03 whereas this was decreased linearly with increasing dK with that of K2S04 during 11 to 20 d (P0.002). The K2S04 supplemented diets lowered the blood pH (P0.00l), dressing (P0.04), abdominal fat (P0.03) weights and shank length (P0.02). A significant salt x dK effect was observed where low levels of dK with K2C03 and high levels with K2504 exhibited lower litter moisture during all phases. Increasing concentration of serum cations was observed by increasing dK, by balancing of increasing serum HCO3 with decreasing Cl at the end of the experiment.
In experiment 3, body weight gain and water consumption were optimized at 0.73%, and 0.73% (CaCI2) and 0.45% (NH4CI), respectively, during d 1-10. During d 2 1-33, maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed at 0.42%, and 0.63% (CaCI2) and 0.63% (NH4CI), respectively. Highest weight gain (0.60% dcl), feed intake (0.61% CaCI2 0.42% NH4CI) and mortality (0.73%) while improved feed:gain (FG; 0.38% dCl) were obtained by interaction effects of amount and source of dCl during d 34-42. Fl (0.60%), feed:gain (0.3 8%) and litter moisture (0.31% NH4CI; 0.35 CaCl2) was affected during I -42d by amount of dcl. Increased blood pH, serum glucose and dressing percentage were found by dCl and replacing CaCI, with NH4C1. Improved breast meat, thigh meat and shank length while reduced abdominal fat were observed by replacing salts (CaCI2 withNH4Cl).
It is concluded that birds showed better growth performance and reduced mortality against high levels of dietary sodium in Na2SO4 than NaHCO3 supplemented diets, while significant rise in pH, breast and thigh meat yield while reduced dressing percentage were observed with increasing dietary sodium. The importance of high concentration of dK for better weight gain and feed efficiency was depicted in later stages of production. K2C03 increased survivability and dressing responses but both dK levels and salts played important role for water intake, litter condition, carcass characteristics and serum mineral concentration. Birds were also suggested to be more sensitive to amount and source of dC1 in later part of their life.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1212,T] (1).
25.
Processing, Nutritional Evaluation And Utlilization Of Rumen Content For Fattening Of Nili-Ravi Male Calves
by Muhammad Waqar Khan | Prof. Dr. Arata Koga | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 50-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rurnen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory. UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensued with wheat straw. with and without addition of 6% molasses for a period of 90 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of'rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 44% with water and by addition of 6% molasses. In two types of silages the wheat straw was urea treated @ 4% on DM basis of wheat straw by making 25% solution. The pH of silagesi (containing rumen contents and wheat straw 50:50 on DM basis) of ruinen contents is 4.78 and of silage2 (containing rumen content, wheat straw and molasses. 47:47:6 on DM basis respectively) is 4.70. The pH of silage3 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated), 50:46:4 respectively) is 4.92 and pH of silage4 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated) and molasses, 47:43:4:6 respectively) is 5.1 Irespectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in CJ' as compare to simple rumen content and silage which were urea treated have significant (p<O.05) increase in CF. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 25 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having tOtal mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silagel ('I'I), 70% 1'MR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 ('13), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents without molasses, feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) more efficient than those silages which were ensiled along with molasses. I lowever, the I)M intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group and silage treated with noIasses and urea. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake and feed efficiency. Comparatively efficient TMR (I &3) are those which formulated with those silages (silagel&3) which do not contain molasses. TMR1 is the most economical and the best efficient TMR which is formulated with silagel (containing just rumen content and wheat straw 50:50 without any treatment of urea and molasses). Even TMR formulated with silage I is more efficient than control 'l'MR and it also economical as compare to control TMR. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on health of buffalo calves.
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26.
Impact Of Various Feeding Regimes On Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Rashid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animal origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem is to increase the production of meat. The potential of buffalo as a food animal to meet present and future demands of rapidly growing population deserves special attention because of its capacity to economically convert course roughages and other cereal by products into meat.
Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in pen-urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition.
Present study consisted of a feeding trial of about three months in duration. Fifteen Nih Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the subject study. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups which were reared on three different feeding regimes. Group I was fed TMR ad-libitum and 2 kg of green fodder. Group II was fed available green fodder ad-libitum and concentrate ration
@ 1% of body weight. Group III was fed Lucerne hay ad-libitum and concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight. . Weighed quantity of feed was offer to every animal on individual feeding basis in a group and refusal was also recorded individually.
The results of study revealed that animals fed on TMBR performed better as compared to other feeding regimes. Among three feeding groups, highest (124.60 ± 7.82 kg) weight gain was observed in TMBR group while, lowest (108.20 + 5.80 kg) weight gain was found in Hay group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (777.42 + 8.87 kg) feed intake was observed in fodder group while, lowest (755.10 ± 16.61 kg) feed intake was found in TMBR group. Out of three feeding groups, calves fed on TMBR showed best feed conversion ratio (6.07 ± 0.47) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves fed on hay and fodder was 7.04 ± 0.39 and 7.01 ± 0.32 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that TMBR group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (101.43 ± 7.92) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (130.40± 7.40) was found in hay group. Analysis of variance of serum chemistry means revealed that no significant differences were found in total protein, urea, glucose, and creatinine values for all three feeding regimes.
On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that TMBR can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional feeding practices as it can meet all nutritional requirements of the animal. It is easy to handle, transport and store besides having a longer shelf life.
It is suggested that further trials with TMBR be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1227,T] (1).
27.
Comparative Study Of Differenr Treatment Methods For Improving The Nutritive Value Of Rice Husk
by kausar zeb | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Anjum Khalique | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010-2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1255,T] (1).
28.
Effect Of Different Energy Sources On The Fattening Potential Of Buffalo Calves
by Mujahid Jamal Jami | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo is an important animal which contributes approximately 50% meat in Pakistan. Traditional system of meat production is inefficient. About 50 % of the male calves die during the first week of their life. Some calves are raised to 60-80 kg on extremely poor and unbalanced diets and only a few are raised to about 200 kg of live weight with very low average daily gains. Most of the meat produced in the country comes from end of career, or emergency slaughtered animals. To improve meat production in country calves are required to be fattened through feed lot system. Energy-rich sources available in Pakistan include cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, and rice), wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses etc. At the same time fats and oils are also rich source of energy and infrequently used in animal feeding. Molasses, a by product of sugar industry, is an excellent and cheaper source of energy. An objective of the study was to compare efficiency of energy sources for meat production. For this purpose, a fattening trial was conducted on 15 Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of approximately the same age and weight to study the comparative efficacy of three different energy rations. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. Animals were offered three different rations. The experiment was carried out for 90 days. Group A was fed TMR having molasses as energy source, group B was fed TMR having com grain as energy source and group C was fed TMR with rumen protected fat as energy source. Daily feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, economics and blood parameters (blood glucose, total protein, urea and creatinin) were studied. The Data obtained was analyzed under CRD through ANOV A and the difference among treatment means were tested with LSD. The average weekly growth rate of group A, B and C was 6.23±0.187, 6.l85±O.l87 and 6.08±0.187 respectively. The average daily growth rate of group A, Band C was 0.89, 0.88 and 0.87 kg respectively. Total Mixed Ration taken by group A, B and C was 2064.5 kg, 2546.01 and 1993.7 kg respectively. The average daily feed intake was 4.59 ±O.l06, 5.66±0.106 and 4.43±0.106 kg per day of group A, B and C respectively. Group A, C had non significant difference (P>0.05) from each other while group B was significantly different from group A and C. The feed conversion ratio of group A, B and C was 5.16 ±0.25, 6.40±0.25 and 5.10±0.25 respectively. The results showed that calves fed ration C has highest FCR than ration A and B. The results of the study revealed non significant difference in the concentration of serum urea, creatinine, glucose and serum total protein among the experimental animals. The cost of one kg live weight for group A was Rs 78.73 while Rs 102.78 and Rs 129.1 for group Band C. The results showed th~t ration A was more economical than ration Band C. The findings of this study showed the benefit of utilization of different energy sources in the fattening ration of calves. Due to higher prices and demand of cereal grains, other cheaper sources such as molasses can be used for fattening as energy source. If there is unavailability of molasses and cereal grains then bypass fat (Berga fat) can be used for fattening purpose. The study revealed that each energy sources is equally effective.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1268,T] (1).
29.
Effect Of Feeding Citrus Pulp Silage On The Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock is contributing about 53 per cent of agricultural value added and 11.4 per cent to the national GDP with a total animal heads of 157.3 million but feed availability of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is deficient by 38.10 and 24.02%, respectively. However, a decline in domestic feed resources and the need for Pakistan's livestock production to become internationally competitive are strong reasons for promoting the use of alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients, such as citrus pulp from fruit processing industry which do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock. The primary objective for the use of these by-products is to reduce the feed cost and consequently cost of producing a unit of the product like milk or meat as well as to fulfill the nutrients demands of animals. Citrus pulp is a by-product widely available in Pakistan and is mainly discarded as waste. Its cost is relatively low compared to its nutritive value but is seldom used as ruminant feed. The large amounts which are available during the harvesting season can be ensiled in combination with dry roughage, to get the required moisture level of it. So in the present study citrus pulp with wheat straw was ensiled and the silage was fed to Sahiwal calves to observe its intake, weight gain as well as economics. Results of the present study revealed that the optimum level of 20% citrus pulp in feed gave good results while intake and weight gain decreased for 30% citrus pulp in feed. Average total weight gain were 27.5, 37.5, 28.75 and 23.75kg for ration A, B, C and D, respectively (containing 10, 20 and 30 citrus pulp, respectively). Average daily gain for group A, B, C and D were 0.44, 0.60, 0.46 and 0.38kg, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When average daily feed intake for each calf was calculated on dry matter basis it showed 4.40, 4.50, 3.39 and 3.13kg respectively for group A, B, C and D which was not significantly different between diets. By ascertaining the cost of the feed for ration groups it showed significance difference having average cost of production per animal per kg body weight 37.07, 23.80, 21.68 and 25.58 Rs for group A, B, C and D, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1284,T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Replacinh Inorhanic With Organic Trace Minerals On Greth Performance Carcass Characteristics And Meat Composition of Broilers
by Zulqarnain | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry is one of the vibrant segments of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Its contribution in agriculture and livestock is 4.81% and 9.84%, respectively. Poultry meat contributes 23% of total meat production of Pakistan. Poultry sector has shown a healthy growth at the rate of 8-10 percent annually. For optimum production and health, animal receive a balance diet that supplies nutrient at desired concentration. Organic trace minerals have been used in broiler feeds, showing promise in improving growth performance, bird health, processing yield and meat quality characteristics. Interest is also building in using organic trace minerals in place of a portion of the feed inorganic mineral supplement in order to get maximum growth and health with lower levels of mineral intake, thus lowering the amount of minerals excreted from the birds.
The average feed consumption based on gram/bird at different ages showed that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group F followed by group E, D, C, B and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) feed intake was during first three weeks but during the last two week non significant difference was observed in feed. The feed intake in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group B, C, D, E and F, respectively. . Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant (P<0.05) difference in weight gain due to treatments. The weight gain in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Birds in group B performed better than rest groups i.e., C, D, E and F. The analysis of variance among various experimental groups during 1st three weeks revealed a non significant difference between all groups i.e., A, B, C, D, E and F, however, FCR was significant difference (P<0.05) during last two weeks.
Result obtained showed significant differences in carcass characteristics i.e., shank length, keel length, bursa weight while non significant differences in dressing percentage, liver weight, heart weight, spleen weight and gizzard weight due to supplementation of organic minerals. Statistically significant differences were found in shank and keel length with supplementation of organic minerals, however non significant differences were found in shank and keel length in groups feeding inorganic trace minerals. The bursa weight of the birds in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly lower from all groups, however non significant differences were observed in among birds in group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The economics of production of broilers in different experimental groups A, B, C, D, E, and F showed that average cast of production remained 43.40, 43.50, 46.10, 45.36, 44.91 and 45.66 per kg live weight. Higher cast of production was observed in group C (46.10) and F (45.36) while group A (43.40) was having the lowest cast of production which showed significant differences from all other groups.
As the proximate analysis of broiler thigh and breast meat is concerned, Dry matter, moisture percentage and ash percentage of both breast and thigh portion of broiler meat for group A, B, C, D and E showed non significant differences among all treatments, while the data on crude protein and ether extract in breast and thigh part of meat of broiler when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups A, B, C, D, E and F group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1317,T] (1).
31.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Locally Availabie Feed Stuffs In Different Agro- Ecological Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Arif | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Akram | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. The production per unit animal in terms of meat and milk production is low as compared to developed countries. The major reason behind this truth lies in efficient use of feed resources. In Pakistan, availability of data on indigenous feed resources in different agro-ecological zones is scanty and limited. Present study was planned to analyze the nutritional profile of locally available feed resources in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab. This study was conducted into two phases; first phase consisted of collection of samples from ten districts of Punjab. From each district, sample of fodder, dry roughages and concentrate ingredients were collected randomly from different places. The estimated total number of sample was 1020; fodder (440), dry roughages (250) and concentrate (330) samples were collected in both summer and winter seasons. The second phase of the study consisted of chemical analysis of nutritional profile of collected samples. Samples were analyzed for crude protein, ash, detergent fibres i.e., NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin and cell soluble contents. Data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique under CR Design.
In wheat straw the average CP percentage was 2.20 ± 0.25% while the value for ash content was 9.79 ± 1.97%. NDF and ADF averaged as 80.33 ± 4.43% and 52.41 ± 2.56% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur and Sahiwal district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rice straw average CP percentage was 1.71 ± 0.24% while the value for ash content was 13.56 ± 1.91%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.36 ± 5.40% and 54.11 ± 2.25%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Lahore and Pakpatan district.
In the maize stovers average CP percentage was 2.76 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 7.81 ± 2.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.03 ± 4.78% and 48.15 ± 3.67% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the sorghum stovers average CP percentage was 2.72 ± 0.15% while the value for ash content was 5.81 ± 1.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 77.74 ± 4.60% and 49.95 ± 2.31% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the millet stovers average CP percentage was 3.03 ± 0.37% while the value for ash content was 6.45 ± 0.72%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.80 ± 4.45% and 43.81 ± 0.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the rice husk average CP percentage was 2.99 ± 0.22% while the value for ash content was 16.37 ± 0.58%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.90 ± 2.90% and 69.01 ± 1.17% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the oat fodder average CP percentage was 11.89 ± 0.74% while the value for ash content was 10.68 ± 0.57%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 63.09 ± 1.88%, 32.68 ± 2.33%, 4.26 ± 0.81% and 36.91 ± 1.88% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the wheat fodder average CP percentage was 11.74 ± 0.51% while the value for ash content was 6.84 ± 0.78%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 66.65 ± 2.70%, 36.31 ± 2.08%, 9.40 ± 1.72% and 33.35 ± 2.70% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the mustarad fodder average CP percentage was 13.42 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 11.57 ± 0.66%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 56.19 ± 1.94%, 38.49 ± 1.98%, 12.24 ± 0.98% and 43.81 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Muzafargarh district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the berseem average CP percentage was 17.32 ± 0.82% while the value for ash content was 12.94 ± 0.76%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 57.37 ± 2.63%, 31.63 ± 1.90%, 10.67 ± 1.04% and 42.63 ± 2.63% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the lucern average CP percentage was 21.34 ± 0.84% while the value for ash content was 11.65 ± 1.69%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 45.60 ± 2.04%, 37.73 ± 0.63%, 11.87 ±1.05% and 54.40 ± 2.04% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Sahiwal district
.
In the sugarcane fodder average CP percentage was 5.60 ± 0.31% while the value for ash content was 11.78 ± 0.92%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.30 ± 3.88%, 38.20 ± 1.76%, 12.94 ± 1.13% and 27.20 ± 3.00% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Lahore district.
In the grasses average CP percentage was 9.91 ± 0.48% while the value for ash content was 11.74 ± 0.94%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.71 ± 5.20%, 36.25 ± 1.96%, 6.29 ± 0.99% and 27.29 ± 5.20% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the maize fodder average CP percentage was 8.10 ± 0.75% while the value for ash content was 11.39 ± 1.58%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 70.88 ± 1.94%, 32.88 ± 1.42%, 7.15 ± 1.87% and 29.12 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Okara district.
In the sorghum fodder average CP percentage was 6.62 ± 0.44% while the value for ash content was 8.96 ± 1.41%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 67.75 ± 2.79%, 42.11 ± 2.64%, 7.52 ± 0.96% and 32.25 ± 2.79% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara and Khushab district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the millet fodder average CP percentage was 7.76 ± 0.34% while the value for ash content was 14.80 ± 0.88%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 69.90 ± 1.39%, 40.59 ± 4.54%, 9.74 ± 1.24% and 30.10 ± 1.39% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the corn grain average CP percentage was 9.47 ± 0.22% while the value for CSC content was 75.54 ± 1.39%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 24.46 ± 1.39% and 5.88 ± 8.47%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Okara district.
In the wheat grain average CP percentage was 12.66 ± 0.89% while the value for CSC content was 59.75 ± 3.64%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 40.25 ± 3.64% and 4.86 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the Sorghum grain average CP percentage was 9.96 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 49.11 ± 3.10%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 50.89 ± 3.10% and 22.06 ± 0.72%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Muzafargarh district.
In the wheat bran average CP percentage was 12.53 ± 1.07% while the value for CSC content was 36.63 ± 2.24%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 63.37 ± 2.24% and 17.25 ± 2.63%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the rice polish average CP percentage was 16.12 ± 0.69% while the value for CSC content was 47.58 ± 2.34%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 52.42 ± 2.34% and 18.28 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the cotton seed cake average CP percentage was 24.16 ± 0.36% while the value for CSC content was 40.91 ± 2.27%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 59.09 ± 2.27% and 27.65 ± 2.13%. Higher value for protein was reported from Khushab district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rape seed cake average CP percentage was 35.77 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 57.42 ± 2.41%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 42.49 ± 2.59% and 24.61 ± 2.08%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that this study has generated compositional data of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates. This has lead to the preparation of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates composition tables for better feeding of livestock. The students, farmers and research workers may benefit from these tables.
It is suggested that further trials on palatability, feed intake and digestibility should be conducted to visualize practically the extent of digested nutrients in these dry roughages, fodders and concentrates.
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32.
Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food
by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition.
The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant.
Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein.
SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution.
Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit.
In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).
33.
Nutritional Evaluation, Processing And Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Fattening Of Male Lohi Lambs
by Muhammad Shakeel Anwar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jalees | Prof. Dr. M. A. Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: At present, 121.1 million heads of animals in Pakistan annually require about 10.9 and 90.36 tons of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), respectively. However the respective availability of these two nutrients is 6.7 and 69.0 million tons and thus, CP and TDN are 38.10 and 24.02% deficient per annum. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents for fattening of male Lohi lambs. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore in triplicates before ensiling. In phase two, ensiling of wheat straw (Urea treated @4% of DM of wheat straw and also another ensiling without urea treatment) along with rumen contents will be done with or without 7% addition of molasses for minimum 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. pH of silages1,2,3&4 after 60 days was 4.78,4.70,4.92 and 5.11 respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in C.P as compare to simple rumen contents and silages which were urea treated have significant (p<0.05) increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Ravi Campus Pattoki, in which 25 male Lohi lambs were fed the diets having total mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silage1 (T1), 70% TMR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 (T3), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. DM intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group than other groups offered silages containing rumen contents. There was non significant difference (P>.05) in DM intake between T1.T2 & T3. T4 was non significant to all other treatments. Statistical results showed non significant difference (P>.05) in total weight gain among all the treatments however maximum weight gain was observed in control treatment. Feed efficiency was also non significant (P>.05) among all the treatments. So we can use processed rumen contents as cheap protein source in small Ruminant feed. There were no harmful effects on health of lambs during whole trial. So we can replace 30% of conventional TMR with Rumen Contents safely.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1341,T] (1).
34.
Effect Of Feeding Of Different Non Protein Nitrogen (Npn)Sources On Performance Of Lactating Nili- Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Salman Nadeem | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | (Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar).
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The feed resources in Pakistan are comprised of green fodder / pastures (mostly on canal banks and on road sides), dry roughages (mostly wheat and rice straw) and conventional concentrates. Furthermore, it has been reported that conventional feedstuffs are very low in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources. These circumstances attracted the attention of nutritionists and farmers towards the use of slow-releasing non-Protein Nitrogen sources in the livestock feed. The experimental study was conducted at LPRI Bahdurnagar Okara. Feed was reformulated by addition of urea and Optigen. Samples in triplicates were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS Lahore and LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The crude protein of the concentrates A, B and C were 17.03, 17.03 and 17.04 respectively. Eighteen lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were divided in three equal groups using completely randomized design. Each group was fed on isonitrogenous concentrate to find out its effects on performance of lactating buffaloes. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by least significant difference test. Milk production was higher in group C feeding with reformulated with 1% Optigen. The highest individual milk fat was higher for group C. The average protein percentages of all the buffaloes were non-significant. The milk urea nitrogen level was higher in group B. The blood urea nitrogen level was higher in group C. It was concluded that the use of Optigen in buffalo feed improved the milk production significantly without affecting the milk composition. It can replace the conventional NPN sources without any adverse effects on health of buffaloes. Optigen can be used as economical and affective slow release NPN source.
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35.
Nutritional Manipulation To Reduce Blood Cholestrol And Improve Production Performance Of Broiler
by Hafiz Muhammad Mutee Ur | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present experiment was conducted with the purpose to reduce cholesterol level and to improve the production performance of the broilers by offering different levels of the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O. For this purpose, 210 day old broiler chicks was procured and divided into 7 treatment groups having 3 replicates containing 10 birds each. Different treatments used were, un-supplemented control group (T-1), Garlic powder (20 g/kg) supplemented group (T-2), Garlic powder (40 g/kg) supplemented group (T-3), dried Neem leaves (5 g/kg) supplemented group (T-4), dried Neem leaves (10 g/kg) supplemented group (T-5), CuSO4.5H2O(100 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-6), CuSO4.5H2O (200 mg/kg) supplemented group (T-7). Different parameters were studied include; average feed consumption, average weekly weight gained, feed conversion ratio (F.C.R), cholesterol level, antibody titre, abdominal fat collection, dressing percentage, copper contents, sensory evaluation of meat and economics of broiler production. The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique (Steel et al, 1997). The difference among treatment means was tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955).
Statistical analysis of data showed significant (P<0.05) difference in the growth performance of different treatments groups and concluded that the addition of Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped to improve the growth performance. Garlic powder was found to be more effective in the growth performance then the Neem leaves and then the CuSO4.5H2O. Anti body titer against ND and IBD diseases showed significant differences among the control and groups fed with dried neem leaves. The titre was found to be more protective in the groups fed with neem leaves. In respect of, abdominal fat pad reduction, the garlic fed groups performed better with respect to other treatment groups. Dressing percentage among different treatments groups were taken in which the dressing percentage of control group was found poorest while the group fed with garlic (40 g/kg) was found the best among all the treatment groups. Copper contents from the liver and the excreta was estimated along with the primary aim to reduce cholesterol level, the copper contents was found more in excreta that was fed to the treatment groups fed with the pharmaceutical dosage of the CuSO4.5H2O. Sensory evaluation of the meat was done by the 10 panelists, the results of the sensory evaluation of the meat was non-significant (P<0.05) which showed that the additional ingredient used have no effects as far as the consumer acceptance was concerned. Different treatment groups showed different economical benefits, the group fed with Garlic powder (20 g/kg) performed best with the profit of Rs 28.78 per kg, while the control group worst among all the treatment groups with the net profit of Rs 16.11 per kg.
It is concluded from the present study that the Garlic powder, dried neem leaves and CuSO4.5H2O helped in the reduction of cholesterol level along with the better production performance.
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36.
Effects Of Stair-Step Nutrition Regimen On Growth Rate, Nutrien Utilization And Pubertal Development In Nili-Ravi
by Muhammad Iqbal Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mukhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Under this study, effect of stair-step nutritional regimen compared to the standard NRC recommended energy levels on growth rate, nutrient utilization, some selected blood metabolites, pubertal age, conception rate and economic analysis in ili- Ravi buffalo heifers were measured. Study lasted for 18 months during the years 2008- 20 I O. Twenty-two heifers, 6-8 month old, 98.57±5.07 kg average ody weight were divided into two equal groups and randomly assigned either control or stair-step nutritional regimen (SSNR) diets. The SSNR was designed in three phase program each having 6 months duration i.e., postweaning (7 to 13 month age), repubertal (13 to 19 month age) and pubertal/breeding (19 to 25 month age). In each phase, the treatment group during step 1, was fed on low energy diet (80% ME of NRC) for 4 months followed by high energy diet (120% ME ofNRC) for 2 months in step 2. The heifers in ontrol group were fed according to NRC (200 I) requirements of Holstein Friesian heifers continuously for 6 months. For both the groups individual feeding was carried out. Daily feed intake and fortnightly fasting weights were recorded. Nutrients digestibility and N balance trials were conducted during last week of each step during each phase. Blood samples were collected at the end of each low or high energy diets for blood metabolites analysis. Oestrus detection was done with the help of a teaser bull at age of 15-16 months. Transrectal ultrasonography was done to assess uterus and ovarian structures development. Measured blood serum progesterone concentration collected every 10 days interval at 09.00-10.00 hours during 18-20 months age by ELISA using commercial kit. The age and live weight at onset of puberty was recorded when heifer tood to be mounted by the bull first time in her life. The heifers detected in oestrus were bred by natural mating at approximately 12-15 hours of the onset of oestrus activity. Heifers not returning to oestrus were examined for pregnancy diagnosis through rectal alpation of uterus at 70-90 days post breeding. Data of feed onsumption during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertallbreeding phases were used to calculate the feed cost used per kg gain between the SSNR and control heifers.
During postweaning phase, heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (2.03 Meal/kg) ained significantly (P<O.OS) lower daily weights than those fed control diet (2.SS Meal/kg), When heifers fed high energy diet (3.01 Meal/kg), daily weight gain was significantly (P<O.O 1) higher in SSNR compared to control. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorer (P<O.OS) in SSNR heifers fed low energy diet compared to those fed control diet. But on high energy diet FCR was better (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group.
During prepubertal phase, there was no difference (P>O.OS) in weight gain between the heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (1.89 Meal/kg) and control diet (2.3S Meal/kg). But on high energy diet (2.80 Meal/kg) weight gain was higher (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. On low energy diet there was no difference (P>O.OS) in FCR between the two groups. But on high energy diet FCR was significantly (P<O.OS) better in SSNR compared to control group. Average DMI in heifers of both groups was similar (P>O.OS). During pubertal/breeding phase, similar trend of weight gain, DMI and FCR was found in SSNR versus control group as reported in prepubertal phase.
Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as percent body weight were statistically non-significant (P>O.OS) differet between the SSNR versus ontrol groups during all phases. Metabolizable energy (ME) consumption was significantly P<O.OS) lower in SSNR group fed low energy diet than the heifers fed control diet. But ME consumption was significantly (P<O.O 1) increased in SSNR group fed high energy diet than control group. Similar, trend of ME consumption was observed in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets during prepubertal and pubertal phases. Water to dry matter intake ratio in heifers during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertal phases were statistically similar (P>O.OS).
In all phases, apparent DM and OM digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was higher (P<0.05) when SSNR heifers fed low energy diet, but on high energy diet NDF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to control, respectively, during all phases with the exception of step I in the prepubertal phase and step 2 in pubertal phase where the differences were non-significant (P>0.05) between the groups. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility with SSNR low energy diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the heifers fed control diets during three phases. But on high energy diet, ADF digestibility was not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. Also N intake was not different (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) diets and control diets, respectively, with the exception of step 2 in the postweaning phase when the control group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in intake of N compared to the SSNR group. Faecal N as well as Urinary N losses in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) versus control diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05).
All heifers have shown haematological values which are almost similar in heifers of two groups. Except total cholesterol, concentration of urea N, glucose and macro minerals in serum did not differ between the two groups.
There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in age and weight at onset of puberty and number of services per conception between the two groups. Pregnancy rate in heifers fed on SSNR diet was 50% while on control diet was 57%. Fifty percent of heifer fed SSNR and 60% of heifers fed control diet as per NRC requirement had serum progesterone concentrations> 1.0 ng/ml in two samples collected 10 days apart before reaching puberty.
The overall feed costs incurred (42660.88 vs 44509.96 Rs./animal) on SSNR heifers was significantly (P<0.05) less than the control heifers fed according to NRC recommendations from weaning to breeding age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1376,T] (1).
37.
Effect Of Different Growth Promoters On Feed Intake And Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Ahtasham Atta | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in peri- urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition. Present study related to the use of a growth promoters treatment trial of about three months in duration to further accelerate the meat production. Twenty Nili-Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the research purpose. The animals were randomly divided into four equal groups (A, B, C and D), which were given four different treatment, such as, Ralgro, Boostin-250, M2 Hormone and control (non implanted) for group A, B, C and D respectively. The basal diet consisted of concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight along with chaffed green fodder ad lib. In each group, feed offered and refusal was recorded on individual basis. The results of study revealed that animals given M2 Hormone performed better as compared to other treatment groups. Among four treatment groups, highest (43.4 ± 12.00 kg) weight gain was observed in M2 Hormone group while, lowest (35.4 ± 12.5 kg) weight gain was found in control group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (429.79 ± 28.22 kg) feed intake was observed in Ralgro group while, lowest (412.83 ± 50.56 kg) feed intake was found in M2 Hormone group. Out of four experimental groups, calves of M2 Hormone group showed best feed conversion ratio (12.40 ± 3.01) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves of Ralgro, Boostin-250 and Control group was 12.79 ± 1.99, 14.14 ± 5.87 and 14.43 ± 2.54 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that M2 Hormone group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (110.23 ± 3.79) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (136.63 ± 4.72) was found in control group. On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that M2 Hormone can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional fattening practices as it can increase body weight gain. The additional benefit of this compound is that it can be given in feed and does not have to be injected or implanted in the body. It is suggested that further trials with M2 Hormone be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1401,T] (1).
38.
Effect Of Acidifiers On The Production Performance And Carcass Traits In Japanese Quail
by Sohail Akbar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There are certain growth promoters like antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and organic
acids etc. which can improve feed efficiency in chickens. The use of antibiotics as growth
promoter creates a huge problem for environmental conditions and health of consumers around the world. The use of organic acids as acidifiers is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics to control certain types of acid intolerance bacteria and growth-promoting agents in poultry production. Many studies have been done to study the effects of organic acids on performance of broilers and layers; however, little research has been conducted to study the impact of these growth promoters on quail growth performance. This study was planned to test the effect of organic acid acidifiers i.e. Salkil®® and Sal Curb Dry® on the quail production performance and their effect on blood calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and quail carcass traits at Avian Research and Training Centre, Lahore. The analysis of feed, blood and meat was performed in laboratory of Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. One standard (control) quail feed will be prepared (NRC 1994). Two different levels each of Salkil® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg of feed and of Sal Curb Dry® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg was incorporated in the standard feed to prepare five experimental feeds. A total number of 400 un sexed day old quail chicks were equally divided into five groups having 80 chicks in each group with four replicates having twenty chicks each. The group offered standard feed has served as control. The rest four experimental feeds with two different levels of SaIki!'!!) and with two different levels of Sal Curb Dry® were allotted to four different groups. At the end of
experimental trial which was of 28 days body weight, feed consumption, feed
conversion ratio, giblet weight, serum calcium and phosphorus, carcass traits ( analyzed for
meat moisture %, crude protein % and crude fat %) and blood cholesterol level was analyzed. To test the blood cholesterol level, two birds from each replicate were taken at random and blood samples were collected in heparinzed vacutainers from jugular vein after slaughtering. Dressing percentage was also recorded along with economics value of quail meat. The values of weight gain in group A, B, C, D, E and F was found 140.783 ±6.24,
147.5Sbc ±3.45, 151.56c ±4.84, 143.92ab± 4.98 and 147.88bc ±5.17 respectively .. The group C which was fed Salkil® 2g/kg of feed showed maximum weight gain followed by group E, B, D and A respectively. When the data was statistically analyzed on weekly basis there was non- significant (p>0.05) difference among different treatments groups except at second week. The values of feed conversion ratio in all the five groups were 2.859b ±O.l3. 2.769ab ±O.l90, 2.734a ±O.12, 2.S17ab ±0.093 and 2.772ab ±0.14 respectively. The treatment groups which received the acidifiers significantly (p<0.05) improved the FCR. The values for giblet weight in the above mentioned groups were 9.l7a±0.58, 9.25a ±0.33, 9.44a ±0.26, 9.23a ±0.41 and 9.45a ±0.51 gm respectively. The values for calcium were found to be 10.98a±1.01, 11.33a±0.62, 10.33a±0.S7, lO.95a±1.13 and 11.22a±1.39 mg/dl respectively while for Phosphorous 5.01 a ±0.37, 4.99a ±0.71. 5.2Sa ±0.49, 5.0Sa± O.SI and 5.21 a ±0.21 mg/dl respectively. The values for serum cholesterol
level in the five groups 130c ±5.00, 125bc ±6.00, 113a ±6.00, 127bc ±7.00 and 121 b ±7.27 rng/dl respectively. Serum cholesterol level in group A is significantly higher. The average meat moisture. crude protein did not differ significantly but use acidifiers significantly decreased the fat deposition in meat.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1410,T] (1).
39.
Preparation Of Prebiotic Based Functional Beverage And Evaluation Of Its Glycemic Response In Healthy Human Subjects
by Amna Ashraf Bajwa | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. Prebiotics are class of functional foods which resist digestion in small bowel and stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Galacto-oligosacchraides (GOS) are class of prebiotics that are naturally present in human milk and impart many health benefits. The research was conducted in three phases. During 1st phase characterization of liquid oligomate (galacto-oligosaccharides preparation) was performed. During second phase prebiotic (galacto-oligosaccharides) based functional beverage was developed by adding different concentrations of GOS. Functional beverages was prepared with the addition of GOS @ 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50% of final beverage volume. On the basis of sensory evaluation and other analysis, one sample was selected for further use in third phase that is efficacy study by determining its glycemic index. Accordingly the significant outcomes of the present research are summarized hereafter.
Proximate analysis of Galacto-oligosaccharide sample showed that the results for dry matter are (0.832 ±0.009) for crude protein the values are (0.729±0.126) and for crude fat the result shows (1.366±0.321). For NFE is -0.0957±0.0001 and for moisture is 1.1667±0.011547. The lower values for protein, fat and fiber shows that composition of oligomate is solely based on the presence of galacto-oligosaccharides and has no other impurities present in them.
The results for GOS for acidity shows the value of (0.14±0.02) for specific gravity the values are (1.36±0.0001) and for pH the values are (3.51± 0.01)
The results for acidity of beverages indicated that the inclusion of galactooligosaccharides has significantly affected the acidity of the beverage (P?0.001). All the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments showed that statistically they are highly significant (P ?.0.05).
The results indicated that the inclusion of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significantly affected the specific gravity of the beverage (P?0.00). It is evident from the results that the storage of these beverages is also statistically significant but the interaction between the treatments and storage intervals showed non-significant effect on specific gravity of different beverages
The statistical analysis regarding pH of beverages prepared from different levels of galacto-oligosaccharide shows that all the treatments for different beverages and storage and the interaction between the storage treatments are highly significant (p ? 0.01).
The statistical results for total soluble solids indicated that TSS of different beverages were significantly affected by treatments; however, storage intervals showed slightly significant result and interaction between storage and treatments showed highly significant effect on TSS of different beverages(P?0.01)
The results indicated that the addition of Galacto-oligosaccharides has significant effect on color "a", "b", " L" , "chroma" , "hue angle" parameter (P?0.001). The sensory scores for color, flavor, taste and consistency were non significant while scores for overall acceptability showed that they varied significantly with treatments.
After storage of beverages for 60 days prepared with the addition of GOS at various levels the interaction between treatment and storage level showed non-significant effect for the flavour, color, consistency, taste and overall acceptability.
The statistical results regarding blood glucose concentration after consumption of control and functional beverage with time intervals are statistically significant. The interactive effect of intervals and different food types shows that the blood glucose concentration at fasting for glucose and control beverage is non-significant and functional beverage comparatively to glucose is significant. It shows that the response of control is similar to the reference taken as glucose.
The statistical results regarding glycemic index shows that the GI with respect to beverage type and person code is non-significant. The glycemic index for control beverage shows the results (58.63±8.15) and for functional beverage (63.74±4.50). The statistical analysis regarding glycemic load with respect to person code shows that they are non-significant but with beverage type they are slightly significant. The glycemic load of control beverage is 17.08±2.37 and for functional beverage values are 19.38±1.36. Functional beverage showed slightly increased glycemic load as compared with control beverage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1415,T] (1).
40.
Identification Of Molecular Markers In Bmp15 Gene Of Different Pakistan Sheep And Goat Breeds
by Ahmad Nawaz | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Genetics of prolificacy in sheep and goat emphasize the importance of main genes which have been made known to affect litter size and rate of ovulation through various mechanisms. Natural mutations in prolific sheep and goat breeds have shown that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) super family ligands such as bone morphogenetic protein 15 is crucial for ovulation and as well as for increasing litter size. Keeping in view the importance of prolificacy in sheep and goat, a research project was planed to identify the polymorphism, its association with fecundity and uncovering the nucleotide picture of BMP15 fecundity gene in sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan. In the research finding, various polymorphism, insertion and deletion of nucleotides in goat and sheep breeds of Pakistan were identified and associated with fecundity and secondly, some novel polymorphism in Pakistani goat and sheep breeds were identified which are different from the goat and sheep breeds of the world. This is the first report of the whole nucleotide of BMP15 gene in the sheep. A lot of work has been reported on these genes but total nucleotide picture in the sheep is not reported. Sequences of Bmp15 gene from sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan has been submitted to the NCBI GenBank database libraries,USA under accession numbers JN655669, JN655670, JN655671 and JN655672. It will result in fast vertical expansion of small ruminants to increase the mutton production and uplift the socio economic condition of small ruminant's farmers in the country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1421,T] (1).
41.
Clincal Cytogenetic Investications In Cattle & Buffalo Population Of Punjab For Chromosomal Abnormalities
by Muhammad Bilal Bin Majeed | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ahmad Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1439,T] (1).
42.
Effect Of Different Dietary Levels Of Lysine During Phase Feeding On The Performance Of Male And Female Broilers
by Rabia Anjum | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom A. Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1452,T] (1).
43.
Post-Prandial Glucose Response In Healthy And Type-2 Diabetic Individuals Fed On Various Types Of Leavened
by Khudiaja Tahir Awan | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1461,T] (1).
44.
Effect Of Protein Supplements Of Varying Ruminal Degradability On Milk Production, Composition And Nutrients
by Illahi Bakhsh Marghazani | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study on "Effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization in early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes" was carried out in three phases at three different experimental locations. The in situ study of animal and vegetable protein sources was conducted at the Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore while the feeding trials with early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes were carried out Government Livestock Farm, Kalurkot, Bukkar and Livestock Experimental Station, Khushab, respectively.
Different animal (n = 6) and vegetable origin (n = 15) protein sources were subjected to ruminal protein degradability analyses using the in situ technique. All these test feeds collected from ten different locations were subjected to ruminal incubation (in triplicate) for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to determine the quickly soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction (b), degradation rate (c) and effective degradability at different (2, 5, 8 %) ruminal passage rates. The degradability characteristics in animal protein sources (part 1, phase 1) showed significant differences in degradation kinetics and effective degradability (ED). In crude protein (CP) degradability, the quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in fish meal, PBM and meat meal and lower (P<0.05) in blood meal, feather meal and bone and meat meal. Potentially degradable fraction (b) among test feeds was maximum (P<0.05) in bone and meat meal and PBM and minimum (P<0.05) in blood meal and feather meal. The degradation rate (c) did not differ among the test feeds. Of all the animal protein sources investigated, meat meal showed maximum CP degradability at 0.05 rumen passage rate whilst, minimum (P<0.05) ED of CP was exhibited by blood meal.
Ruminal degradability characteristics in vegetable protein sources (part-2 of phase-1) showed variation in degradation kinetics and ED of CP. The quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, coconut meal and PKC. Potentially degradable fraction (b) was maximum (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, PKC, SBM and guar meal while minimum (P<0.05) in sesame cake and CGM 30%. Protein degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in CSC while lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal, coconut cake and CGM 60%. Effective degradability of CP at 0.05 rumen passage rate was highest in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal.
All vegetable protein sources were treated (part-3 of phase-1) with formaldehyde (1 g/100 g CP) and heat treatment (1 h at 15 lb/100 g CP) to determine their effectiveness in reducing ruminal protein degradability. Both of these treatments decreased (P<0.05) rumen degradability of the vegetable protein sources investigated. Of the formaldehyde treated test feeds, quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lower (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, SBM, CGM 30%, guar meal, canola meal and coconut meal. The highest value of potentially degradable fraction (b) was recorded (P<0.05) in CSC and RSC while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in RSM, RSC, CSC, CSM coconut cake, PKC, sesame cake, SFM and CGM 60% and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 30%, guar meal and canola meal. Effective degradability of CP was maximum in sesame cake at all the rumen passage rates. In contrast, CGM 60% had the lowest (P<0.05) ED at all of the rumen passage rates. Among the heat treated vegetable protein sources, quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60% and SBM. Potentially degradable fraction (b) had the highest (P<0.05) value in almond cake, RSM, RSC, CSC and SFM while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Effective CP degradability of the heat treated test feeds showed that almond cake and sesame cake had the highest (P<0.05) ED whilst CGM 60% had the lowest values (P<0.05). In comparing both treatments, similar influence (P>0.05) of increasing RUP level was recorded in CGM 30%, SFM, RSM, CSM, PKC and coconut meal. Formaldehyde treatment was found more effective (P<0.05) in increasing RUP level in guar meal, canola meal, RSC, CSC, coconut cake, almond cake and sesame cake whilst heat treatment increased (P<0.05) RUP level in SBM and CGM 60% at applied rates in this study.
In phase-2, a feeding trial with early lactating Sahiwal cows was conducted to investigate the effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization. Twenty four early lactating Sahiwal cows were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Four iso- caloric and iso- nitrogenous diets i.e., ration A (30% RUP), ration B (40% RUP), ration C (50% RUP) and ration D (60% RUP) were fed in a completely randomized design. Dry matter and CP intakes were significantly affected by ration composition (P<0.01), whereas NDF and ADF intakes did not vary among the four treatment groups (P>0.05). DM intake was higher (P<0.05) in cows receiving rations B and A than the cows fed rations C and D. There were significant differences in DM (P<0.05), CP (P<0.001) and NDF (P<0.05) digestibility due to the ration; however, ADF digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the rations. DM digestibility was higher (P<0.05) on ration B than rations C and D, but similar to that for ration A. Crude protein was higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on rations C and D. Daily yields of uncorrected milk and protein were highest in early lactating Sahiwal cows fed ration B and lowest when fed ration D. Daily yields of 4% FCM and milk fat were higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on ration D. In milk composition, fat, protein and total solids contents were the same across all diets. Nitrogen intake was highest (P<0.01) for rations B and A and lowest for ration D and C. Nitrogen balance (g/d) and as a percentage of N intake varied; with the cows consuming ration B retaining maximum (P<0.001) N. However, N balance did not vary between rations A, C and D. Nitrogen utilization was highest (P<0.001) in cows fed ration B, but there was no difference among cows fed rations A, C and D. Live weight and body condition score in cows were unaffected by the rations. Cost of milk production was least on ration B and highest on ration D.
In phase-3 a feeding trial using early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes was conducted. Twenty four buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into four groups. These groups were fed four experimental diets i.e., rations A, B, C and D having 30, 40, 50 and 60% RUP proportions, respectively in a completely randomized design. Results showed no differences (P>0.05) in the intakes of DM, CP, NDF and ADF intake between the rations. Likewise, DM, CP and ADF digestibility were the same (P>0.05) in buffaloes fed rations A, B, C and D; however, NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.01) on ration C and B while lowest on rations A and D. Milk yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C while lowest (P<0.001) on rations D and A. Buffaloes given ration C produced more (P<0.05) FCM than those receiving rations A, B and D. Daily yield of milk fat was greater (P<0.001) on ration C compared to the other three rations. Milk protein yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C and lowest (P<0.001) on rations A and C. Diet had no effect (P>0.05) on milk fat, SNF, lactose, salts and total solids percentages; whilst milk protein percentage varied among all four diets, viz ration C>ration B>ration D>ration A. Nitrogen, intake, nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization were similar across all the diets. Live weight and body condition score in buffaloes were unaffected by the diet fed. The cost of milk production was highest (P<0.05) with rations D and B whilst lowest (P<0.05) on ration C.
It is concluded that among animal protein sources rumen CP degradability was least in blood meal and maximum in meat meal. In vegetable protein sources, coconut meal showed least ruminal CP degradability while sesame cake recorded with highest ruminal CP degradability. Both formaldehyde and heat treatments protected protein from ruminal degradability with varied levels of effectiveness in different feeds. Production performance improved with the use of RUP sources in early lactating cows and buffaloes. Sahiwal cows showed better yield performance in diets having 40% un-degradable protein in the diet, while Nili-Ravi buffaloes showed high yield performance in diets with 50% un-degradable protein sources.
The use of latest technology and methods needs to be applied for minimizing variations involved in evaluating CP degradability of feeds through in situ procedure. Influence of RDP and RUP based rations in mid and late lactation of Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes are also fertile areas of research. The studies on degradability of amino acids for compiling 'internal standards' of feed resources and production performance of lactating cows/buffaloes based on ruminal degradability of amino acids rather than protein degradability would be better approach for future studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1470,T] (1).
45.
Effect Of Different Treatments On Tannin Contents Of Two Local Cultivars Of Sorghum Grain
by Muhammad Asad Iqbal | Dr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Over the last few years, use of cereals in the poultry and livestock feed increased greatly. To meet the requirement of the feed industry, the production and proper utilization of the grains is much more important. Some grains due to presence of some anti nutritional factors limit their use in desired quantity. Similarly, their low amino acid profile and fewer digestibilities also hindered the utilization of these nutrient sources. Sorghum cereal is one of them which provide a considerable amount of protein and energy to the animal. Some other grains, sorghum contain a phenolic compound "Tannin" which is an anti nutritional component for both poultry and livestock. Tannin make a complex with protein, starch and some minerals thus reduce there availability for living beings. The present project has been planned with their objective to reduce tannin contents and increase digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the study is the nutritional evaluation and up gradation of indigenous feed stuffs for Livestock and Poultry, so we can increase the use of sorghum grain in these industries. For this purpose two varieties of sorghum, red and white were used. Red and white sorghum varieties were treated with sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% solution and were kept at ambient temperature for 8, and 16 hrs. At the end of treatment, samples of each variety were tested for tannin contents and proximate analysis. In the last phase of experiment, all the treated samples of NaOH, formaldehyde and distilled water were monitored for in situ digestibility for 12, 18, 24, and 30 hrs. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatment means were tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of the present experiments showed that the treatment of high tannin sorghum grain with alkali or simple distilled water is the most effective method for reducing the total tannil contents in sorghum grain. It is further noticed that the alkali treatments also affect the overall nutritive value of grain and enhance the dry matter digestibility of the grain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1485,T] (1).
46.
Effect Of Different Energy Levels On The Growth Performance Of Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica).
by Mubarik Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Use of poultry meat in the world is increasing substantially. To meet the requirements of the consumer, increase in meat production is too much imperative. Japanese quail can be used as an alternative to broiler to increase per capita protein availability. Due to short life span, it is also gaining popularity among poultry farmers. But for optimum production, availability of energy and protein sources is cost effective. Moreover, data on energy: protein is scanty.
The present project had been planned with the objectives to examine the growth and production of the highly nutritious quail meat under local environmental conditions. To attain this goal, different energy levels were used in quail feed to examine its carcass quality, production and growth performance. For this purpose, different energy levels of 2700 k cals /kg., 2900 k cals /kg (which was control) and 3100 k cals /kg of feed, were offered to 600 day old quail chicks for 28 days. There were four replicates under each of the three groups; each replicate having 50 chicks. The birds were kept in cages throughout their life and had been offered ad libitum feed in crumbs form.
During the trial, weekly feed consumption, weight gain and FCR were determined. After the trial 5 birds from each replicate were slaughtered to examine the dressing percentage, liver weight and breast meat percentage. The data thus obtained was statistically analysed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatments means was tested through Least Significant Difference test.
The results of the experiment revealed that the feed consumption and body weight gain were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group containing 3100 k cals of energy per kg following the control group having 2900 k cals energy per kg while group possessing 2700 k cals was at the last in these respects. Feed conversion ratio was best seen again in high energy group following the lowest energy diet while the control group was intermediate in this respect. The higher energy group showed maximum value for dressing percentage and liver weights followed by lower energy diet and lowest energy diet. The characteristic breast meat percentage was, however, showing lowest value for highest energy diet.
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably high cost of feed per kg of the group C having 3100 k cal energy per kg followed by the group A which possessed 2900 k cals per kg and group B was prepared in less amount as compared to others.
Conclusion
Use of high energy in feed increased the body weight gain.
Higher energy in feed gradually resulted in more feed intake but not up to the pace of body weight gain.
Calories, CP, calcium, methionine and lysine intakes increased with increasing energy levels while phosphorus showed a negative relationship with energy.
Feed conversion ratio was best exhibited by highest energy feed.
Dressing percentage was higher for higher energy feed while breast meat percentage was higher for lower energy feed.
More liver weight was there with increasing energy level was attributed to more burdens on liver in sense of digestion of energy rich compounds.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that inclusion of high energy ingredients in diet has many benefits which consequently results in improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1486,T] (1).
47.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Yeast (Saccharomyces Cervisiae) Sipplementation On Milk Production And Milk Quality in lactating Buffaloes
by Muhammad Haider | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Absul Jabbar | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1567,T] (1).
48.
Effect Of Supplemented Phytase On Phytate Phosphorus From Feed Stuffs Of Vegetable Origin In Broiler Rations.
by Hafiz Rizwan Akram | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1573,T] (1).
49.
Effect Of Inoculatied Corn Silage On Milk Production Performance Of Lactating Sahiwal Cows.
by Zahid Khan | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fodder and forage production in Pakistan is seasonal and this leads to erratic supply of feedstuffs to the animals. After a rich legume season, a depression period occurs, which is replaced by non-legume forages and followed again by a scarce fodder supply season. These changes in the forage supply have unfavorable effect on livestock performance. The key solution to this problem is the conservation of forages for the time, when there is feed scarcity. Keeping in view the existing availability of green fodders and silage additive products, the methods of developing alternative means to ensure availability of quality feed to animals having high nutritive value.
The Experiment was carried out at Livestock Production Research Institute, (LPRI), Bahadurnagar, Okara. Two types of corn silages were prepared, one was be untreated corn silage (Control as diet-b) and other corn silage was treated with inoculants; a commercial product "Sil-All" by ALL-TECH, (diet-a). Eighteen healthy lactating Sahiwal cows at the same milking stage were randomly distributed to two groups A and B (9 each) and were fed individually. Data was collected during the feeding experiment of 60 days duration on feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, silage composition and body weight gain. Sahiwal cows belonging to all groups were offered concentrate according to milk production @ 1 Kg for each 3 liter of milk produced. Milk samples were analyzed for Lactose, Fat, SNF and Protein using "Milk-O-Scan" in the Dairy Laboratory of LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The feed samples were analyzed in the laboratory for Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Ether Extract, Crude Fiber, ADF, NDF and Ash contents. The data thus obtained was analyzed through Paired Sample T-test.
Daily silage intake in Sahiwal cows was 30.12±0.601 and 26.29±0.614 kg fed on inoculated silage and untreated corn silage, respectively. Inoculated silage intake was higher (P < 0.05) in Sahiwal lactating cows than cows on untreated corn silage. Milk production was higher in cows of group A fed with inoculated Silage. The results showed that Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated corn silage and untreated (control) corn silage produced 6.11±0.40 and 5.94±0.28 liters milk daily, respectively. It is also evident from the data that the cows on inoculated silage diet produced milk significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the cows under control.
Mean milk fat contents were 5.65±0.11 and 4.95±0.03 % in the milk of Sahiwal cattle fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage diets, respectively. The results showed that the cows under inoculated silage feeding produced significantly more milk fat than the cows under control. Higher (P < 0.05) milk fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage than on control. Mean milk protein in the milk of Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage were 3.11±0.02 and 2.85±0.05 %, respectively. Lactose content were also higher (4.62±0.04 %) in cows on treated corn silage diet as compared to cows on control diet (4.22±0.03 %). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) solids not fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage diet than the cows on untreated corn silage diet (7.72±0.14 %).
Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher (329.09±5.028 kg) body weight than the cows under control (322.96±5.08 kg). A non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatment. Sahiwal cows showed a fortnightly weight gain of 01.029±0.017 and 00.712±0.010 Kg per cow fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage, respectively.
Silage pH was also improved in the diet containing inoculated silage (3.90±0.05) than the untreated silage showing a pH level at 4.08±0.35 in the untreated corn silage, showed non-significant difference (P>0.05).Dry matter contents in the inoculated corn silage had higher (30.40±0.60 %) DM % while untreated corn silage had the lowest (28.14± 0.84 %), statistically significant (P < 0.05). Mean crude protein level was 6.27±0.33 and 5.39±0.28 % in the diets having inoculated corn silage and untreated silage, respectively.
Highest value (9.17±0.75 %) of Ether Extract was recorded in inoculated corn silage diet, while untreated silage diet showed lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) value, and significant difference (P <0.05) was observed. Inoculated corn silage diet had highest (25.17±0.35 %) crude fiber level, while untreated corn silage diet showed lowest (24.51±24.51 %) crude fiber level. Inoculated silage diet had the highest (53.41±0.79 %) NDF, while untreated silage diet showed the lowest (49.34± 0.58 %) feed NDF. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the inoculated diet as compared to untreated silage. The inoculated silage diet had the highest (30.23±1.00 %) ADF, while untreated silage diet had the lowest (28.26± 0.63 %) level showed a significant difference (P<0.05).The diet untreated had the highest (9.16±0.82 %) ash level while the level of Ash contents was lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) in the inoculated diet.
The results of the trial indicated significantly higher daily intake and increased milk production in Sahiwal cows was recorded when fed on inoculated silage diets. Milk constituent (Fat, Protein, Lactose and SNF) were also improved significantly in cows under inoculated corn silage diets. Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher body weight than the cows under control. The composition of inoculated silage diet (DM, CF, NDF, ADF and Ash %) was also improved significantly as compared to untreated silage diet. On the basis of results presented in the study it is concluded that the use of additive or inoculant like Sill-All can be used to enhance milk production and overall performance of dairy cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1574,T] (1).
50.
Effect Of Enzymatic Complex On Growth Performance Of Broilers At Defferent Dietary Levels Of Wheat.
by Irfan Ahmed | Sr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This study was conducted at environmentally controlled shed of poultry research and training centre, department of poultry production, UVAS-Ravi campus, Pattoki. The objectives of the study were to see the growth performance of broilers by use of enzymatic complex diet replacing different dietary levels of wheat with corn. Enzymatic complex (allzyme SSF) contained xylanase, beta-glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, phytase, protease and amylase was used to counteract indigestion of fibers and improved utilization. There are some evidences that the inclusion of supplemental phytase, xylanase, and the complex of enzymes might have a positive effect on broilers growth and increased the nutrients. The trial was containing 525 birds, 7 treatments and 35 replicates. Treatment 'A' is controlifor all treatments there were different levels of wheat and same quantity of enzymatic complex added to observe its effects on growth performance. Duration of trial was 35 days. 7itypes of feedsuwith unique formulation were prepared. Feed 'A' was control diet having the profile same as that of commercial feed (crude protein =21%, ME=2900 kcal/kg). The parametersiof thisiexperiment were feed intake,ibody weight gain,ifeed conversion efficiency (FCR),irelative organs weight, immune organs weight and visceral organs weight, length, mortality. The parameters were collected during the trial as well as at the end of trial. Finally,idata wasicollected, analyzedistatistically using ANOVA inicompletelyirandomized design withihelpiofia computerbbasedistatistical package (SAS). In first week the birds being offered feed 'D' were observed more feed intake and significant difference was observed among groups. In 2nd week, feed intake was decreased in birds fed enzyme supplemented feed. In first four weeks, significant difference was found between groups while last group was non-significant difference. Groups supplemented with enzyme than non-supplemented groups. In 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week, control group weight gain was the best and 5th week was non-significant for all groups. The average body weight in groups supplemented with enzyme recorded was significant difference than non-supplemented with enzymes.
In case of FCR, group 'A' was observed to be the best in all groups. Analysis of variance among all groups in fifth groups found to be non-significant difference. FCR in groups supplemented with enzymes was recorded better than non-supplemented with enzymes.
Mortalities in groups A, B, C and E was the less than D, F and G. More mortality was recorded in group 'F' supplemented with 25% wheat and without enzymes. Dressing percentage was best in A and followed to B, E, F, C, G and D.
Results obtained from immune organs of bursa showed that bursa weight was found to be better in group 'G' supplemented with 25% wheat and enzyme supplemented than rest of groups in following sequence i.e. D, A, E, B, F and C. Pancreas weight of group 'B' was found to be better than result groups. Results were non-significant because weight of non-supplemented was better than supplemented with enzyme groups. While results obtained from thymus weight recorded showed that group 'G' was best supplemented with enzymes than all of other groups as followed D, A, B, C, E and F.
Results of heart weight showed that results were significant between groups except F and G groups. Best weight was observed in group 'A' control diet group. Results of liver weight showed significant difference among groups except D and E. Liver weight of control diet group was lower than other groups. Results of gizzard weight filled showed that groups supplemented with enzymes were significantly lower than groups of non-supplemented with enzyme except in groups G and F respectively. While results of empty gizzard weight of supplemented groups were found to be significantly difference increased as compared to non-supplemented with enzymes. Results of spleen weight were non-significant for all groups. Results of intestinal weight showed significant difference among the groups. Intestinal length of group 'G' found to be more than other. Intestinal length of groups supplemented with enzymes was more than non-supplemented groups. In case of intestinal weight filled and empty, non-significant difference was found among groups except in D and E.
Conclusions:
Based on finding of study, it is stated that effect of dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex in broilers diets has improved weight gain and decreased feed consumption. Similarly, dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex performed better in case of survival and less mortality was found. So it is recommended that for fibers' digestion, enzymes showed be used in diets to improve the growth performance in modern day broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1576,T] (1).
